BANCROFT 
LIBRARY 


BANCROFT 
LIBRARY 

•o 

THE  LIBRARY 

OF 

THE  UNIVERSITY 
OF  CALIFORNIA 


THE 


RESOURCES 


OF 


AUTHORITY  OF  THE  LEGISLATURE. 


1881 


- 


THE 


RESOURCES  OF  ARIZONA 


ITS 


MINERAL,  FARMING,  AND  GRAZING  LANDS,  TOWNS,  AND  MINING 

CAMPS;  ITS  RIVERS,  MOUNTAINS,  PLAINS,  AND  MESAS; 

WITH  A  BRIEF  SUMMARY  OF  ITS  INDIAN  TRIBES, 

EARLY  HISTORY,  ANCIENT  RUINS, 

CLIMATE,  ETC,  ETC. 


A  XAIDAL  OF  UIME  1NFMM  COHCMH9  THE  HURT, 


COMPILED  BY 
PATRICK  HAMILTON, 

Under  authority  of  the  Legislature. 


PBESCOTT,  ARIZONA. 
1881. 


CONTENTS. 


PAGE 

PREFACE 3 

ACT  AUTHORIZING  PUBLICATION 5 

HISTORICAL 7 

GENERAL  DESCRIPTION  OF  ARIZONA 10 

RIVERS  AND  MOUNTAINS 12 

FAUNA  AND  FLORA 16 

COUNTIES  AND  BOUNDARIES 21 

CHIEF  TOWNS 25 

MINING  EESOURCES 33 

CACHISE  COUNTY 35 

PIMA  COUNTY 41 

YAVAPAI  COUNTY 47 

PINAL  COUNTY 58 

GILA  COUNTY 61 

MOHAVE  COUNTY , 66 

YUMA  COUNTY 71 

MARICOPA  COUNTY 75 

GRAHAM  AND  APACHE  COUNTIES 77 

COAL  AND  SALT 79 

BULLION  YIELD 81 

AGRICULTURE  AND  GRAZING 81 

CLIMATE 91 

RAILROADS,  TELEGRAPH  AND  STAGE  LINES 94 

INDIAN  TRIBES 98 

MISCELLANEOUS 103 

POPULATION,  CIVIL  AND  MILITARY 107 

ANCIENT  RUINS 110 

EARLY  SPANISH  MISSIONARIES 113 

How  TO  GET  TO  ARIZONA 117 

THE  WANTS  OF  THE  TERRITORY.  .  .   118 


PREFACE. 


To  meet  the  growing  demand  for  information  concerning  the 
Territoiy  of  Arizona,  the  Legislature,  at  the  session  of  1880- 
81,  authorized  the  publication  of  this  pamphlet.  In  the  fol- 
lowing pages  the  author  has  endeavored  to  present  this  infor- 
mation in  such  a  compact  and  concise  form  as  would  more  fully 
meet  the  many  inquiries  of  people  desirous  of  coming  to  the 
Territory,  and  at  the  same  time  convey  to  the  general  public  a 
comprehensive  idea  of  the  country,  and  its  vast  and  varied  re- 
sources. The  facts  presented  have  been  gained  by  personal 
observation,  during  a  residence  of  several  years  in  the  Territory, 
and  it  is  believed  they  constitute  a  full  and  impartial  descrip- 
tion of  Arizona  as  it  is  to-day — its  mineral,  pastoral,  and  agri- 
cultural resources,  towns,  and  settlements,  with  a  glance  at  its 
past  history  and  a  few  words  regarding  its  future  prospects. 
This  being  a  publication  authorized  by  the  representatives  of 
the  people  and  paid  for  out  of  the  public  treasury,  having  no 
private  scherne^to  advance,  or  no  private  interest  to  foster,  the 
exact  truth  has  been  sought  and  the  statements  can  be  con- 
sidered reliable.  No  portion  of  the  Territory  has  been  over- 
looked and  no  material  interest  has  been  neglected.  "While 
not  claiming  for  this  compilation  exemption  from  all  errors  or 
mistakes,  it  is  believed  that  such  only  will  be  found  as  are  in- 
separable from  a  work  of  this  nature.  For  valuable  assistance 
in  the  collection  of  the  data  herein  contained,  the  author  is  in- 
debted to  many  gentlemen  throughout  the  Territory,  and  takes 
this  method  of  tendering  his  sincere  thanks  to  one  and  all. 
With  the  hope  that  the  publication  may,  in  some  measure-, 
meet  the  want  for  authentic  and  reliable  information  about  the 
"  coming  country,"  and  help  to  convey  to  the  outside  world 
some  adequate  idea  of  Arizona  and  its  grand  resources,  it  is  Ic! 
with  the  reader  to  say  how  well  the  task  has  been  performed. 

PATKICK  HAMILTON, 

Commissioner. 


A5T  ACT 

TO    AUTHORIZE    THE    PUBLICATION    OF    INFORMATION    OF    THE    RESOURCES 
OF    ARIZONA    TERRITORY. 

Re  it   enacted  by   the  Legislative  Assembly  of  the   Territory  of 
Arizona: 

SECTION  1.  Tbat  Patrick  Hamilton  is  hereby  constituted  and 
appointed  a  Commissioner  to  prepare,  and  cause  to  be  published, 
reliable  information  upon  the  mineral,  pastoral,  agricultural, 
and  other  resources  of  the  Territory;  also,  the  cost  and  facili- 
ties of  corning  to  the  Territory,  and  such  other  general  informa- 
tion as  he  may  consider  of  value  to  capitalists  desirous  of  invest- 
ing in  our  mines,  or  to  persons  who  may  wish  to  immigrate  to 
the  Territory. 

SEC.  2.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  said  Commissioner  to  collect 
and  prepare  the  information  aforesaid  by  January  1,  1882,  and 
he  is  hereby  authorized  to  contract  for  the  publication  of  ten 
thousand  copies,  in  pamphlet  form,  upon  the  most  reasonable 
terms  that  the  work  can  be  done,  provided  that  the  cost  of  such 
publication  shall  not  exceed  fifteen  hundred  dollars  ($1,500). 

SEC.  3.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  said  Commissioner  to  distribute 
said  pamphlets  in  the  cities  and  railroad  centers  of  the  Eastern 
States,  and  on  the  Pacific  coast,  in  such  a  manner  as  will  give 
them  the  widest  and  most  useful  circulation,  and  he  shall  fur- 
nish thirty  copies  to  each  member  of  the  Eleventh  Legislative- 
Assembly. 

SEC.  4.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  Territorial  Auditor,  upon 
the  completion  of  said  publication,  to  examine  the  same,  and  if 
found  in  accordance  with  the  provisions  of  this  act,  he  shall 
give  the  said  Commissioner  a  certificate,  setting  forth  that  the 
work  has  been  performed  according  to  law. 

SEC.  5.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  said  Commissioner  to  keep  a 
correct  account  of  the  number  of  copies  of  said  publication  dis- 
tributed by  him,  and  to-  whom,  and  such  other  iriformatio]; 
connection  therewith,  as  he  may  deem  of  interest,  and  to  in; 
a  full  report  of  the  same  to  the  Governor  of  the  Territory  on  or 
before  January  1, 1883,  and  the  Governor  shall  transmit  a  copy 
of  said  report  to  the  next  Legislative  Assembly. 

SEC.  6.  Said  Commissioner  shall  receive  as  compensation,  for 
the  collection,  preparation,  and  distribution  of  such  information 
the  sum  of  two  thousand  dollars. 

SEC.  7.  Upon  the  completion  of  said  publication,  the  Com- 
missioner shall  certify  to  the  Territorial  Auditor  the  amount  due 


ACT  AUTHORIZING  PUBLICATION. 

for  said  work  and  to  whom;  and  the  Territorial  Auditor  shall 
draw  his  warrant  for  the  amount  in  favor  of  the  person  to  whom 
the  same  is  due,  as  shall  appear  by  the  certificate  of  said  Com- 
missioner; and  the  Territorial  Treasurer  is  hereby  authorized 
and  directed  to  pay  said  warrant  out  of  any  money  in  the 
Treasury  not  otherwise  appropriated. 

SEC.  8.  This  act  shall  take  effect  and  be  in  force  from  and 
after  its  passage. 

J.  F.  KNAPP, 
Speaker  of  the  House  of  Representatives. 

MURAT  MASTERSON, 
President  of  the  Council. 


Clause  12  of  the  Appropriation  Act,  passed  subsequent  to 
the  foregoing,  enacts  as  follows  : 

Twelfth.  The  sum  of  four  thousand  five  hundred  ($4,500) 
dollars  is  hereby  appropriated  to  pay  the  Commissioner  selected 
to  compile,  publish,  and  distribute  the  pamphlet  on  the 
"  Resources  of  Arizona  Territory/'  and  the  Territorial  Auditor 
is  hereby  directed  to  draw  his  warrant  on  the  Territorial  Treas- 
urer for  the  above  amount,  in  favor  of  the  Commissioner  named 
in  the  act,  and  the  Territorial  Treasurer  is  hereby  authorized 
and  directed  to  pay  said  sum  to  said  Commissioner  out  of  any 
moneys  in  the  Territorial  Treasury  not  otherwise  appropriated, 
in  the  manner  provided  for  by  the  provision  of  said  act.  . 


THE  RESOURCES  OF  ARIZONA. 


HISTORICAL. 

The  region  now  embraced  within  the  territory  of  Arizona, 
was  first  penetrated  by  Europeans  nearly  three  hundred  and 
fifty  years  ago.  A  quarter  of  a  century  before  the  founding  of 
San  Augustine,  and  long  before  Putitan  or  Cavalier  had  estab- 
lished themselves  at  Plymouth  Bock  or  Jamestown,  Spanish 
adventurers  had  explored  the  wilds  of  Arizona  and  New  Mex- 
ico. Alvar  Nunez  de  Vaca,  one  of  the  followers  of  Pamphilo 
de  Narveaz,  in  his  disastrous  expedition  to  the  coast  of  Florida, 
in  1538,  being  left  by  his  commander,  with  four  companions,  on 
the  desolate  shore,  resolved  to  penetrate  the  great  unknown 
wilderness  to  the  westward  and  join  their  countrymen  in  Mexi- 
ico.  Without  compass  or  provisions,  they  struck  across  the 
continent,  discovered  and  crossed  the  Mississippi  two  years 
before  De  Soto  stood  upon  its  banks  and  found  a  burial  place 
beneath  its  turbid  waters.  They  traversed  the  great  plains  of 
the  West,  entered  New  Mexico,  visited  the  pueblo  towns, 
passed  through  the  country  of  the  Moquis,  and,  after  many 
hardships  and  privations,  joined  their  countrymen  at  Culiacan, 
in  Sinaloa.  They  gave  glowing  accounts  of  the  country  through 
which  they  passed,  and  their  description  of  the  "  Seven  Cities 
of  Cibola,"  the  Moquis  towns,  excited  the  spirit  of  adventure 
and  cupidity  among  the  Spanish  conquerers,  and  .fired  the  zeal- 
ous ardor  of  the  missionaries.  Padre  Marco  de  Niza,  under  the 
patronage  of  the  Viceroy  Mendoza,  set  out  from  Culiacan  in 
1539,  accompanied  by  a  single  companion,  in  search  of  the 
fabulous  "  Seven  Cities."  They  passed  through  the  Papague- 
ria  and  the  country  of  the  Pimas,  by  the  valley  of  the  Santa 
Cruz  and  into  the  country  of  the  friendly  Yavapais,  and  at  last 
came  in  sight  of  the  goal  of  their  arduous  quest.  Father  de 
Niza  sent  his  companion  ahead,  with  some  Indians,  who  had 
accompanied  them  from  the  Gila.  The  Moquis  massacred  the 
whole  party.  Father  de  Niza  did  not  enter  the  city.  He  set 
up  the  cross,  named  the  country  the  New  Kingdom  of  San 
Francisco,  and  returned  to  Culiacan. 

The  public  mind  in  New  Spain  was  greatly  excited  by  the 
news  which  the  good  father  brought  on  his  return.  The  thirst 


8  THE  RESOUECES  OF  ARIZONA. 

for  gold  and  glory,  and  the  desire  to  extend  the  influence  of  the 
cross,  bore  down  all  opposition.  The  Viceroy,  Mendoza,  pro- 
jected two  expeditions  to  explore  the  marvelous  country  to  the 
north;  one  by  land  under  Vasquez  de  Coronado,  and  the  other 
by  sea  under  Fernando  Alarcon.  In  April,  1540,  Coronado 
marched  from  Culiacan.with  nearly  a  thousand  men  (principally 
Indians).  He  visited  the  ruins  of  the  Casa  Grande,  on  the 
Gila,  and  in  forty-five  days  after  starting,  reached  the  first  of 
the  "  Seven  Cities/'  Instead  of  the  rich  and  populous  region 
which  their  imagination  had  pictured,  they  found  a  poor  and 
insignificant  village.  The  province  was  composed  of  seven 
villages,  the  houses  being  small  and  built  in  terraces,  as  they 
are  at  the  present  day.  The  inhabitants  were  intelligent  an  d 
industrious.  They  raised  good  crops  of  corn,  beans,  and  pump- 
kins, dressed  in  cotton  cloth,  and  were  the  same  in  all  respects 
as  their  descendants,  the  Moquis  and  Zunis,  are  at  the  present 
time.  Coronado  penetrated  to  the  New  Mexican  pueblos  on  the 
Kio  Grande,  explored  the  country  as  far  east  as  the  Canadian 
river,  and  north  to  the  fortieth  degree  of  latitude.  Disappointed 
in  his  search  for  the  riches  he  expected  to  find,  the  expedition 
returned  to  New  Spain  in  the  spring  of  1542.  The  expedition 
of  Alarcon  sailed  about  the  same  time  Coronado  marched.  The 
Gulf  of  California  was  discovered,  and  named  the  Sea  of  Cortez. 
The  Colorado  and  the  Gila  rivers  were  also  discovered.  Two 
boats  ascended  the  former  stream  to  the  Grand  canyon.  For 
forty  years  after  these  expeditions,  no  further  efforts  were  made 
to  explore  the  country.  In  1582,  Antonio  de  Espejo  penetrated 
the  country  northward  and  discovered  many  populous  pueblos 
in  the  Bio  Grande  valley,  which  are  not  mentioned  by  the  his- 
torian of  Coronado's  expedition.  He  visited  the  Zunis,  and 
passed  westward  to  the  Moquis,  who  met  him  with  presents  of 
corn  and  mantles  of  cotton.  Forty-five  leagues  south-westward 
from  the  Moquis  villages,  he  discovered  rich  silver  ore  in  a 
mountain  easily  ascended.  Numerous  Indian  pueblos  were 
found  in  the  vicinity  of  the  mines,  and  two  rivers,  on  which 
grew  wild  grapes,  walnut  trees  and  flax,  were  also  discovered. 
Those  streams  were  no  doubt  the  Little  Colorado  and  the  Verde. 
More  than  a  century  elapsed  after  these  explorations  before 
any  permanent  settlement  was  made  in  the  territory  now  known 
as  Arizona.  Towards  the  close  of  the  seventeenth  century,  the 
Jesuit  Fathers  established  the  missions  of  Guevavi,  Tumacacori, 
and  San  Xavier.  Missions  had  been  established  some  time 
before  among  the  Moquis.  In  1720,  there  were  nine  missions 
in  a  prosperous  condition  within  what  is  now  the  territory  of 
Arizona.  The  fruits  of  the  untiring  labors  of  the  zealous 
fathers  were  shown  in  the  peaceful  and  industrious  Indian 
colonies  which  sprang  up  around  their  missions.  Despite  the 
expulsion  of  their  founders,  the  Jesuits,  in  17G7,  and  the  con- 
stant raids  of  the  savage  Apaches,  the  missions  continued  to 
flourish  and  grow  rich,  until  the  revolution  for  Mexican  inde- 
pendence. Deprived  of  the  protection  of  the  vice-regal  govern- 
ment, and  constantly  harassed  by  the  Apaches,  they  languished 


HISTORICAL.  9 

and  declined,  unt.il  tlioy  were  finally  suppressed  under  a  decree, 
of  the  Mexican  government  in  1827.  ]>y  ilio  treaty  of  (Inada- 
lupe  Hidalgo,  in  184(5,  all  that  portion  of  the  present,  Territory 
of  Arizona  north  of  the  Gila  river  was  cod.  d  to  1l)(-  t'mteil 
States.  At  that  time  the  population  of  the  Territory  was  con- 
fined to  a  few  hundred  souls  within  the  presidios  of  Tucson 
and  Tubnc.  AY  hat  is  now  known  as  northern  and  central 
Arizona  did  not  contain  a  single  white  settlement.  Oniside 
the  Piina  and  Maricopa  villages  on  the  Gila  and  Ilio  Salado, 
and  the  Moquis  towns  in  the  extreme  north-east,  the  savage, 
Apache  was  lord  of  mountain,  valley,  and  mesa.  In  1854,  that 
portion  of  the  Territory  between  the  Gila  river  and  the  line  of 
Sonora  was  acquired  from  thte  Mexican  government  \>y  purchase. 
It  was  long  known  as  the  "  Gadsden  Purchase,"  the  negotia- 
tions for  its  acquisition  having  been  conducted  by  the  Hon. 
James  Gadsden,  then  minister  to  Mexico.  The  price  paid  was 
$10,000,000,  and,  in  the  light  of  its  recent  developments  of 
marvelous  mineral  wealth,  it  can  be  considered  a  good  bargain. 
Tubac  and  Tucson  were  taken  possession  of  by  the  United  Stales 
troops  in  1855;  the  Mexican  colors  were  lowered,  the  Stars  and 
Stripes  hoisted  in  their  stead,  and  the  authority  of  the  United 
States  established  where  Spaniard  and  Mexican  had  held  sway 
for  nearly  300  years. 

Subsequent  to  the  treaty  of  Guadalupe  Hidalgo,  the  Territory 
formed  a  part  of  New  Mexico.  A  memorial  was  presented  to 
the  Legislature  of  New  Mexico  on  the  first  day  of  December, 
1854,  for  a  separate  territorial  organization.  The  name  first 
adopted  was  "  Pimieria,-"  but  it  was  afterwards  changed  to 
"  Arizona."  The  word  Arizona  is  said  to  be  derived  from  two 
Piina  words:  "  Ari,"  a  maiden,  and  "  Zon,"  a  valley,  or  country. 
It  has  reference  to  the  traditionary  maiden  queen  who  once 
ruled  over  all  the  branches  ofi  the  Pima  race.  Before  the  name 
was  conferred  on  the  whole  Territory,  it  was  borne  by  a  mount- 
ain adjacent  to  the  celebrated  Planchasde  Plata  mines  near  the 
southern  line  of  the  Territory.  Arizona  remained  a  portion  of 
New  Mexico  until  the  twenty-fourth  of  February,  18G3,  when 
the  act  was  passed  organizing  it  as  a  separate  Territory.  The 
civil  officers  appointed  by  the  President  entered  the  Territory 
on  the  twenty-seventh  of  December,  18G3,  and  two  clays  later, 
at  Navajo  Springs,  the  national  colors  were  given  to  the  breeze, 
and  the  Territorial  Government  formally  inaugurated.  The 
seat  of  government  was  established  at  Fort  Whipple,  in  Chino 
valle}7,  on  the  headwaters  of  the  Verde.  It  was  afterwards 
removed  to  Prescott,  where  it  still  remains. 

The  history  of  Arizona  from  the  establishment  of  a  Territorial 
organization  up  to  the  year  1874  has  been  a  series  of  fierce  and 
bloody  struggles  with  the  savage  Apaches,  and  of  slow  but 
steady  growth.  The  intrepidity,  daring,  and  self-sacrifice  of 
the  early  pioneers,  who  won  this  rich  domain,  foot  by  foot,  from 
its  savage  occupants,  yet  remains  to  be  written,  and  will  be  one 
of  the  bloodiest  pages  in  the  history  of  our  frontier  settlements.. 
The  hostile  tribes  were  conquered  and  placed  on  reservations 


10  THE  RESOURCES  OF  ARIZONA. 

by  General  Crook,  in  1874,  and  since  that  time  the  Territory  has 
made  rapid  progress  in  population,  wealth,  and  general  de- 
velopment. With  the  opening  of  a  transcontinental  railroad 
across  the  southern  portion  of  the  Territory,  and  the  discovery 
of  immense  veins  of  silver  ore  adjacent  thereto,  Arizona  has 
attracted  the  attention  of  the  whole  country,  and  capital  and 
emigration  have  flowed  in  upon  her  at  an  unexampled  rate. 
One  of  the  first-discovered  portions  of  North  America,  so  long 
neglected  and  unknown,  is  at  least  beginning  to  yield  up  those 
treasures  which  for  ages  have  remained  hidden  in  its  mountain 
fastnesses,  guarded  by  the  fiercest  of  savages.  A  new  era  has 
dawned  for  Arizona — an  era  of  peace,  progress,  and  prosperity. 
The  demon  of  isolation  and  the  curse  of  savage  dominion,  which 
so  long  brooded  over  the  land,  have  been  swept  aside  by  the 
advancing  tide  of  civilization,  and  Arizona's  future  is  bright 
with  the  promise  of  a  powerful  and  a  prosperous  state. 


GENERAL  DESCRIPTION  OF  ARIZONA. 

The  Territory  of  Arizona  comprises  the  extreme  south-west- 
ern portion  of  the  United  States.  It  is  bounded  on  the  north 
by  Nevada  and  Utah,  on  the  east  by  New  Mexico,  on  the  south 
by  Sonora,  on  the  west  by  California  and  Nevada.  It  extends 
from  the  one  hundred  and  ninth  meridian  west  to  the  Great 
Colorado;  and  from  31°  28'  of  north  latitude  to  the  thirty- 
seventh  parallel,  and  contains  an  area  of  about  114,000  square 
miles.  The  physical  features  of  the  Territory  may  be  described 
as  a  series  of  elevated  plateau,  having  an  altitude  of  from  100 
feet  in  the  south-west,  up  to  6,000  and  7,OpO  feet  above  the  sea 
level,  in  the  north.  Mountain  ranges,  having  a  general  direc- 
tion of  north-west  by  south-east,  extend  over  this  lofty  plateau 
the  entire  length  of  the  Territory.  These  mountains  often  pre- 
sent the  appearance  of  broken  and  detached  spurs,  and  some- 
times occur  in  regular  and  continuous  ranges.  Narrow  valleys 
and  wide,  open  plains  lie  between  the  mountains,  while  deep 
canyons  and  gorges,  formed  by  the  rains  and  floods,  which  some- 
times rush  with  irresistible  force  from  the  mountain  barriers, 
cross  the  country  in  every  direction.  The  most  extensive  of 
these  grand  mesas,  or  table  lands,  is  the  Colorado  plateau,  in 
the  northern  portion  of  the  Territory,  occupying  nearly  two- 
fifths  of  its  entire  area.  This  great  plateau  has  an  average 
altitude  of  between  5,000  and  6,000  feet.  Its  surface  is  diversi- 
fied by  lofty  peaks  and  isolated  ranges;  it  is  covered  nearly  its 
entire  extent  with  fine  grasses;  it  is  penetrated  on  the  west  by 
the  Rio  Colorado,  which  lias  worn  a  channel  thousands  of  feet 
in  depth.  It  is  also  cut  by  the  San  Juan  on  the  north-east,  and 
the  Little  Colorado,  the  Verde,  the  Salinas,  and  the  San  Fran- 
cisco on  the  stfuth.  These  rivers  form  in  places  deep  gorges,  and 
again  widen  into  beautiful  and  productive  valleys.  Perhaps 


GENERAL  DESCRIPTION  OF  ARIZONA.  11 

nowhere  on  the  continent  can  bo  found  a  more  striking  pano- 
rama of  mountain,  valley,  mesa,  ami  cnnyon.  From  north  to 
south,  from  east  to  west,  the  county  is  OTO88«d  l>y  mount;iin 
ranges  and  isolated  peaks  of  strange  and  fantastic  sliapes.  Ill 
the  eastern  portion  of  the  Territory,  extending  from  the  San 
Francisco  Mountain  on  the  north,  to  the  Gila  river  on  the  soul.li, 
a  long  line  of  extinct  volcanoes  can  be  traced,  ami  immense  lava 
fields,  which  are  found  in  different  portions  of  the  Territory, 
prove  conclusively  that  Arizona  was,  in  ages  past,  the  scene  of 
active  eruptive  agencies. 

The  south-western  portion  of  the  Territory  may  be  described 
as  composed  of  wide  plains,  covered  in  places  with  a  sparse 
growth  of  grass,  and  dotted  with  peaks  and  detached  spurs. 
The  south-eastern  portion  of  Arizona  is  made  up  of  mountain 
ranges,  which  sometimes  rise  into  commanding  peaks,  like  the 
Santa  Ritas  and  Mount  Turnbull,  with  grassy  plains  and  rich 
valleys  tying  between.  The  central  portion  of  the  Territory  can 
show  some  of  the  most  attractive  scenery  on  the  continent.  It 
is  also  well  watered,  and  contains  the  largest  body  of  agricul- 
tural land  in  Arizona — the  valleys  of  the  Gila  and  Salt  rivers. 
One  of  the  wonderful  curiosities  of  the  Territory  is  the  Grand 
canyon  of  the  Colorado.  This  is  one  of  the  most  stupendous 
chasms  to  be  found  on  the  continent,  and  probably  has  not  its 
equal  on  the  globe.  It  is  a  tremendous  gorge,  400  miles  in 
length,  and  from  1,500  to  6,000  feet  in  depth,  cut  through  the 
eruptive  rock  by  the  river,  in  its  passage  for  ages  from  its 
mountain  sources  to  the  sea.  Down  in  the  gloomy  recesses  of 
this  forbidding  gorge,  which  calls  to  mind  the  portal  to  Dante's 
Inferno,  the  light  of  day  hardly  ever  penetrates,  and  the  river, 
looking  like  a  slender  silver  thread,  foams  and  whirls  among 
the  rocks  and  falls  which  impede  its  progress.  The  canyon 
was  first  discovered  by  Coronado's  expedition  in  1540,  and  its 
length  and  depth  accurately  measured.  It  has  been  explored 
its  entire  length  by  Major  Powell,  who  has  given  a  most  interest- 
ing and  vivid  description  of  its  many  wonders.  The  Little  Col- 
orado, one  of  the  main  tributaries  of  the  great  river,  has  also  a 
canyon  system  of  its  own,  but  on  a  much  smaller  scale  than 
the  larger  river. 

The  geological  character  of  the  Territory  exhibits  almost 
every  formation  to  be  found  on  the  continent.  North  of  the 
Grand  Colorado  and  the  Colorado  Chiquito,  the  surface  rock  is 
a  pure  sandstone.  The  main  ranges  through  the  central  portion 
of  the  Territory  are  composed  of  granite,  porphyry,  and  slates. 
The  mountains  extending  south-east  from  the  great  cone  of  the 
San  Francisco  to  the  thirty-fourth  parallel,  are  mostly  of  vol-, 
canic  origin.  Between  the  Gila  and  the  Sonora  line  is  found 
granite,  limestone,  porphyry,  trap,  and  muchmetamorphic  rock. 
The  lower  portion  of  the  Great  Colorado  basin  bears  traces  of 
violent  volcanic  disturbance,  and  is  covered  in  places  with  scoria 
and  ashes;  its  upper  portion  is  composed  of  granites,  porphyry, 
and  slates,  with  here  and  there  isolated  ranges  and  jagged  peaks 
scorched  and  riven  by  the  fiery  flood  which  has  swept  over 
this  part  of  Arizona  in  ages  when  our  earth  was  young. 


12  THE  RESOURCES  OF  ARIZONA. 

Arizona  is  a  land  of  marvels  for  the  scientist  and  the  sight- 
seer. Nowhere  on  the  globe  can  the  operations  of  nature  be 
traced  more  clearly  and  distinctly.  Torn  and  riven  by  stu- 
pendous gorges  and  deep  canyons,  crowned  by  lofty  mountains, 
and  diversified  by  immense  plains,  grassy  parks,  beautiful 
valleys,  and  elevated  mesas,  the  topography  of  the  country  in 
variety,  weird  beauty,  and  massive  grandeur,  is  not  excelled 
on  the  continent.  That  the  great  plateau  of  Arizona  was  once 
an  inland  sea,  there  can  be  little  doubt;  and  the  isolated 
mountain  masses,  rising  like  islands  above  its  surface,  and  the 
fantastically  castellated  buttes,  which  dot  its  immense  plains, 
show  clearly  the  erosion  caused  by  the  retreating  waters. 
Arizona  is  a  land  that  offers  to  the  geologist  and  mineralogist 
a  field  both  interesting  and  instructive;  a  land  where  the  great 
book  of  nature  lies  open,  with  the  record  of  countless  ages 
stamped  on  its  broad  pages. 


RIVERS  AND  MOUNTAINS. 

EIVERS. 

First  among  the  rivers  of  Arizona  is  the  Colorado,  which 
washes  the  western  border  of  the  Territory.  This  mighty 
stream  is  the  principal  tributary  of  the  Pacific  ocean,  on  the 
North  American  continent,  south  of  the  Columbia.  It  belongs 
to  that  vast  system  of  water-courses  which  have  their  sources  in 
the  Rocky  mountain  cordilleras,  and  drain  the  continent  from 
ocean  to  ocean.  The  great  river  was  discovered  on  the  ninth 
of  May,  1540,  by  Captain  Fernando  Alarcon.  He  ascended  the 
stream  in  boats  85  leagues  from  its  mouth.  He  also  discovered 
the  Gila  and  called  it  the  Miniflores.  The  Colorado  takes  its 
rise  in  the  Wind  River  chain  of  the  Rocky  mountains,  in  lati- 
tude 43°  30'  north,  and  some  12,000  feet  above  the  level  of  the 
sea.  It  flows  towards  the  south-east  in  its  upper  course,  and  is 
called  Green  river.  Below  its  junction  with  the  Grand,  its 
great  tributary  from  the  east,  its  course  is  south-westerly  until 
it  is  joined  by  the  San  Juan,  above  the  entrance  to  the  Great 
canyon.  From  there  it  runs  south-westerly  through  the  great 
s  of  the  Colorado  plateau  to  the  mouth  of  the  Virgin,  and 
from  that  point  to  the  Gulf  of  California  it  winds  its  way  alrnosfc 
due  south.  The  length  of  the  Colorado  and  its  tributaries  is 
nearly  2,000  miles,  draining  an  area  larger  than  New  England, 
1  Vimxylvaiiitt,  and  Virginia  combined.  Above  its  junction  with 
the  Grand  its  waters  are  clear  and  limpid,  but  after  passing 
through  the  Great  canyon  they  assume  a  reddish  hue,  and  are 
as  turbid  as  those  of  the  Missouri.  The  river  is  navigable  for 
over  000  miles  by  boats  of  light  draught,  but  the  constant 
changing  of  its  channel  makes  navigation  difficult  and  some- 
times hazardous.  The  valley  of  the  Colorado  below  the  canyon, 
although  narrow,  for  such  a  stream,  and  subject  to  overflow, 


RIVERS  AND   MOUNTAINS.  13 

contains  hundreds  of  thousands  of  acres  of  productive  soil. 
The  great  Colorado  drains  the  entire  Territory  of  Arizona,  ;uid 
every  stream  and  water-course  within  its  borders  finds  its  way 
to  the  mighty  river. 

The  Gila  river,  the  next  in  size  to  the  Colorado,  takes  its'  rise 
among-  the  Mogollon  mountains  in  New  Mexico,  on  the  divide 
that  separates  the  waters  of  the  Rio  Grande  and  those  flowing 
into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  from  those  that  flow  westward  to  the 
Pacific.  In  the  upper  part  of  its  course,  the  Gila  is  a  mount- 
ain stream,  dashing  through  rocky  gorges,  deep  canyons,  amid 
the  wildest  of  mountain  scenery.  It  forms  no  valley  of  any 
size,  except  the  site  of  old  Fort  "West,  until  it  passes  the  one 
hundred  and  ninth  meridian  of  longitude  and  enters  the  Terri- 
tory of  Arizona.  A  few  miles  west  of  the  boundary  line  it  re- 
ceives the  San  Francisco  from  the  north,  a  mountain  stream 
bordered  by  a  narrow  valley.  Some  miles  below  it  is  joined  by 
the  waters  of  the  Rio  Prieta.  At  this  point  the  valley  of  the  Gila 
rapidly  widens  into  a  rich  and  productive  stretch  of  bottom 
land,  known  as  Pueblo  Viejo,  which  extends  west  for  nearly  50 
miles.  The  Rio  Bonito,  a  clear  mountain  stream,  enters  the 
Gila  from  the  north,  near  the  head  of  this  valley.  The  San 
Carlos,  which  rises  in  the  White  mountains,  joins  the  Gila  at 
the  lower  end  of  the  Pueblo  Viejo  valley.  It  is  a  fine  mountain 
stream,  with  a  rich  and  beautiful  valley,  now  occupied  as  an 
Indian  reservation.  Below  the  San  Carlos,  the  Gila  flows 
through  a  deep  and  rocky  canyon  formed  by  the  Mazutzal,  Mo- 
gollon, and  Mescal  ranges  from  the  north,  arid  the  Galiuro  and 
Pinaleno  ranges  from  the  south.  Just  below  the  canyon  the 
San  Pedro  unites  with  the  Gila,  from  the  south.  The  San  Pedro 
is  a  narrow,  swift  stream,  about  25  feet  in  width,  and  averaging 
about  three  feet  in  depth.  It  rises  in  Sonora  and  flows  north 
through  a  fertile  valley,  with  grass-covered  mesas  on  each  side, 
which  sometimes  rise  into  lofty  ridges.  Its  course  through 
Arizona  is  about  100  miles.  The  Arivaypa  joins  the  San  Pedro 
one  mile  below  old  Fort  Breckenridge.  It  is  a  clear,  beautiful 
stream,  flowing  through  a  rocky  gorge,  with  a  narrow  valley  of 
great  fertility. 

Below  the  canyon,  the  Gila  forms  a  valley  from  one  to  five 
miles  wide,  which  produces  luxuriant  crops  by  irrigation.  The 
Santa  Cruz,  from  its  source  in  the  Huachuca  mountains,  after 
flowing  southward  through  Sonora,  making  a  curve  to  the  west, 
and  passing  by  Tubac  and  Tucson,  enters  the  Gila  by  an  un- 
derground channel  below  the  Pima  villages.  Salt  river  unites 
with  the  Gila  at  the  point  of  the  Sierra  de  Estrella.  It  is  a 
bold  and  rapid  stream,  having  its  source  in  the  White  mount- 
ains, and  carrying  a  volume  of  water  nearly  three  times  as 
large  as  that  of  the  Gila.  Its  upper  course  is  through  deep 
canyons,  occasionally  widening  into  narrow  and  fertile  valleys. 
The  main  branch  of  the  stream  is  known  as  Black  river,  flowing 
through  a  rugged,  mountainous  country.  It  receives  the  White 
Mountain,  Cariz<*  creek,  Tonto  creek,  and  other  streams  from 
the  north,  above  the  canyon,  and  the  Rio  Verde  below  that 


14  THE  KESOURCES  OF  ARIZONA. 

point.  After  breaking  from  the  canyon  the  Salt  river  runs. in  a 
south-westerly  direction,  through  a  wide  plain,  containing  the 
largest  body  of  farming  land  in  the  Territory.  The  river  is  fed 
by  mountain  springs  and  snows,  and  carries  a  large  volume  of 
water.  It  is  about  150  miles  in  length. 

The  Bio  Verde  rises  in  Chino  valley,  in  the  great  plateau 
that  stretches  south  from  the  San  Francisco  mountains,  near 
latitude  35°  30'  north.  It  pursues  a  southerly  direction,  most 
of  the  way  through  a  beautiful  and  productive  valle}7,  receiving 
in  its  course  Oak,  Beaver,  and  Clear  creeks  from  the  east,  and 
Granite  creek  from  the  west.  It  joins  the  Salt  river  a  few 
miles  below  Fort  McDowell.  The  length  of  the  Verde  is  nearly 
150  miles.  It  carries  a  volume  of  water  almost  equal  to  the 
Gila,  and  is  one  of  the  finest  streams  in  the  Territory.  The 
Hassayampa  and  the  Agua  Fria  take  their  rise  in  the  Sierra 
Prieta,  near  Prescott,  and  enter  the  Gila  below  the  Big  Bend, 
but  they  sink  in  the  thirsty  sands  long  before  they  reach  that 
stream.  The  Gila  and  its  tributaries  drain  more  than  one  half 
of  the  Territory.  The  river  is  about  500  miles  in  length,  four- 
fifths  of  the  distance  being  through  Arizona. 

The  Colorado  Chiquito  takes  its  rise  in  the  Sierra  Blanco, 
near  the  line  of  34°  north.  The  country  around  its  headwaters 
is  covered  with  pine  forests  and  dotted  with  beautiful  mountain 
lakes.  It  pursues  a  north-westerly  direction,  and  enters  the 
Great  Colorado,  through  a  canyon  half  a  mile  in  depth,  200 
miles  from  its  source.  During  its  journey  it  is  joined  by  the 
Rio  Puerco  and  the  Zurii  river,  from  the  north,  and  by  Silver  and 
Carisso  creeks,  and  other  inconsiderable  streams,  from  the  south. 
The  upper  valley  of  the  Little  Colorado  is  rich  and  fertile,  pro- 
ducing fine  crops  with  irrigation.  Williams  Fork  empties  into 
the  Colorado  on  the  line  of  34°  20'  north  latitude  and  114°  8' 
west  longitude.  The  Santa  Maria,  the  eastern  branch  of  this 
stream,  has  its  rise  in  the  Juniper  range,  north-west  of  Prescott, 
while  another  branch  rises  at  Peeple's  valley.  They  join  the 
Big  Sandy,  that  has  its  source  in  the  Cactus  pass,  and  thence 
flow  westward  to  the  Great  river.  These  are  the  important 
water-courses  of,  the  Territory,  though  there  are  many  others 
which  in  rainy  seasons  pour  their  turbid  floods  into  the  Colo- 
rado and  the  Gila. 

MOUNTAINS. 

The  mountains  of  Arizona  are  among  the  most  interesting 
physical  features  of  this  wonderful  country,  and  would  require 
a  volume  to  describe  them  in  detail.  It  can  be  said  that  they 
show  very  little  regularity,  although  they  have  a  marked  paral- 
lelism in  the  trend  and  direction  of  their  axis,  from  north-west 
to  south-east.  The  parallel  ridges  of  the  Great  plateau  diverge 
from  two  points  within  the  limits  of  the  Territory — the  Great 
canyon  of  the  Colorado,  and  the  canyon  of  the  Gila  above  the 
junction  of  the  San  Pedro.  Beginning  40  miles  south  of  the 
Little  Colorado,  the  San  Francisco  peak,  the  highest  in  the 
Territory,  rears  its  lofty  head  nearly  12,500  feet  above  the  level 
of  the  sea.  The  San  Francisco  may  be  considered  the  northern 


RIVERS  AND  MOUNTAINS.  15 

point  of  the  great  ranges  which  extend  from  the  one  hundred 
and  ninth  to  the  one  hundred  and  thirteenth  degree  of  longi- 
tude, and  from  the  thirty-sixth  parallel  to  the  Sonora  lino. 
That  part  of  this  range  north  of  the  Clila  canyon  is  known  us  tho 
Mazatzal,  and  farther  east  as  the  Mogollon  and  Sierra  Blanco. 
There  are  also  many  detached  spurs  and  isolated  ranges,  such 
as  the  Superstition,  the  Mescal,  the  Apache,  the  Pinal,  the  (Jila 
range,  and  the  Sierra  Natalies.  Most  of  these  mountain  ranges 
are  covered  with  timber,  and  the  Mogollon,  Ma/at/al,  Siena 
Blanco,  and  Final  mountains,  have  a  splendid  growth  of  pines, 
cedars,  oak,  and  juniper.  Rich  and  nutritious  grasses  cover 
these  mountains  and  the  high  table  lands  adjacent.  Many 
of  the  ranges  attain  lofty  elevations.  The  Sierra  Blanco  is  1 1  ,- 
300,  and  the  Four  Peaks,  in  the  Mazatzal  range,  nearly  10,000 
feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  South  of  the  canyon  of  the 
Gila,  on  the  line  of  32°  30',  the  parallel  ranges  of  the  Great 
plateau  system  are  clearly  denned,  all  having  the  north-west 
and  south-east  trend. 

The  Peloncillo,  the  Pinaleno,  the  Galiuro,  the  Chiricahua,  the 
Santa  Catarina,  the  Huachuca,  the  Santa  Rita,  the  Dragoon, 
and  Whetstone  are  the  most  prominent.  Nearly  all  of  these 
mountains  are  well  watered,  and  covered  with  grass  and  timber. 
Mount  Graham,  in  the  Pinaleno  range,  attains  a  height  of  10,- 
500  feet  above  sea  level,  while  the  lofty  peak  of  Mount  Wright- 
son,  in  the  Santa  Ritas,  has  exactly  the  same  elevation.  West 
of  Tucson,  in  the  Papago  country, -are  several  isolated  ranges, 
of  which  the  highest  is  Baboquivara  peak,  standing  like  a  giant 
sentinel,  guarding  the  weird  fastnesses  of  the  Papagueria.  The 
Arizona  mountains,  which  have  given  their  name  to  the  Terri- 
tory, extend  from  the  point  of  the  mountain,  north  of  Tucson, 
into  Sonora.  They  are  sometimes  called  the  Tubac  mountains, 
and  the  Atascoso.  They  are  of  volcanic  origin,  broken  and  ir- 
regular. North  of  the  thirty-fourth  parallel,  and  west  of  the 
Verde,  is  the  ridge  that  separates  the  waters  of  the  Rio  Verde 
from  the  Agua  Fria,  known  as  the  Verde  mountains. 

West  of  the  range  are  the  Bradshaw  and  Sierra  Prieta,  that 
girdle  Prescott,  and,  extending  north,  join  the  Santa  Maria  and 
Juniper  mountains.  The  Bradshaw  and  Sierra  Prieta  are  mass- 
ive ranges,  well  watered  and  thickly  covered  with  pine,  oak, 
and  juniper  timber,  with  a  fine  growth  of  grasses.  Mount 
Union,  in  the  Sierra  Prieta,  nine  miles  south  of  Prescott,  at- 
tains an  elevation  of  9,000  feet.  In  the  basin  of  the  Colorado, 
the  principal  ranges  are  the  Sacramento,  the  Cerbat,  the  Huala- 
pai,  the  Peacock,  the  Cottonwood,  and  the  weird  and  desolate 
Music  mountain,  in  the  north;  and  in  the  south,  the  Harcurar, 
the  Plomosa,  the  Castle  Dome,  and  the  Chocolate  ranges.  Most 
of  these  run  parallel  to  the  course  of  the  Great  river,  with  im- 
mense open  valleys  between.  They  are  generally  devoid  of 
timber,  and  many  of  them  bear  the  marks  of  violent  volcanic 
action.  There  are  many  other  detached  ranges,  such  as  the 
Black  Hills,  east  of  Prescott,  rich  in  mineral  and  covered  with 
timber;  the  Antelope,  west  of  the  Bradshaw,  famous  for  its 


16  THE   RESOURCES   OF   ARIZONA. 

gold  placers,  and  Bill  Williams  mountain,  south-west  from  tbe 
Sau  Francisco  peak.  The  mountain  system  of  Arizona  par- 
takes of  the  character  of  the  Sierra  Nevadas  and  the  Rocky 
mountain  Cordilleras,  and  may  be  considered  outlying  spurs 
from  both.  In  43°  30'  the  Wind  river  chain  of  the  Rocky 
mountains  divides  around  the  sources  of  the  Colorado.  One 
branch  trends  to  the  south  in  the  Great  Wasatch  range,  and, 
widening  oat  to  the  level  of  the  Great  plateau,  reaches  the 
Grand  canyon  of  Colorado  on  the  line  of  the  one  hundred  and 
twelfth  degree  of  longitude.  A  branch  of  the  Sierra  Nevada 
leaves  that  range  south-west  of  Owens  river,  and,  with  a  gen- 
eral sweep  to  the  south-west,  merges  into  the  plateau  and  joins 
the  Wasatch  at  the  Great  canyon.  Our  space  will  not  permit 
us  to  give  more  than  a  passing  glance  at  the  grand  system  of 
sierras,  crowned  with  their  lordly  pines,  and  holding  in  their 
rocky  embrace  vast  mineral  wealth,  which  are  such  a  mag- 
nificent feature  of  the  topography  of  Arizona. 


FAUNA  AND  FLORA. 

FAUNA. 

The  fauna  of  Arizona,  in  its  extent  and  variety,  will  compare 
with  an}*  portion  of  the  Union.  Nearly  all  the  animals  indig- 
enous to  the  temperate  zone  are  found  throughout  the  Terri- 
tory, and  in  some  localities  it  is  the  very  paradise  of  the  sports- 
man. The  grizzly  bear  is  found  in  the  White  mountain  range, 
near  Camp  Apache;  the  cinnamon  and  the  black  bear  are  met 
with  in  the  San  Francisco,  the  Mogollon,  the  Sierra  Blanco,  the 
Bradshaw,  the  Mazatzal,  the  Chiricahua,  the  Huachuca,  the  Santa 
Rita,  and  in  nearly  all  the  wooded  mountains  of  the  Territory. 
The  coyote,  or  prairie  wolf,  roams  through  the  length  and  breadth 
of  Arizona.  The  black-tailed  deer  is  common  in  the  northern 
and  central  portions  of  the  Territory;  it  attains  a  large  size, 
and  some  weighing  250  pounds  have  been  killed.  The  Cali- 
fornia lion,  or  cougar,  makes  his  home  in  every  county  in  the 
Territory.  The  antelope  is  found  in  large  bauds  on  the  ele- 
vated mesas  and  grassy  plains  that  stretch  from  the  Patagonia 
mountains  to  the  Cocouino  forest;  the  big-horn  mountain 
sheep  is  a  dweller  in  the  almost  inaccessible  crags  and  barren 
mountain  peaks  of  northern  Arizona.  Although  the  elk  can 
hardly  be  considered  a  native  of  this  latitude,  some  large  speci- 
mens have  been  seen  in  the  lofty  ranges  of  the  San  Francisco 
and  the  Sierra  Blanco.  The  fox  and  the  wildcat  are  extensively 
distributed,  some  of  the  latter  reaching  a  very  large  size.  The 
wood  rat,  the  kangaroo  rat,  and  the  white  mouse,  are  found  in 
all  parts  of  the  Territory;  gophers  are  numerous,  the  black-faced 
variety  being  mostly  confined  to  the  Sierra  Blanco;  squirrels 
are  seen  everywhere.  The  beaver  inhabits  the  streams  through- 
out the  Mogollou,  the  White  mountains,  the  Verde  and  its 


FAUNA  AND  FLORA.  17 

tributaries,  and  the   San  Pedro.     Rabbits  are  found  in  every 
section. 

Arizona  offers  a  fine  field  for  the  ornithologist;  it  ; 
ingly  rich  in  the  number  and  variety  of  the  feathered  tribe. 
The  wild  turkey  is  found  in  the  Bill  Williams,  San  Francisco, 
Mogollon,  Sierra  Blanco,  Chiricahua,  on  the  headwaters  of  tli<> 
Gila  and  Santa  Cruz,  and  in  nearly  all  the  wooded  mountains 
of  southern  Arizona.  Wild  duek  are  plentiful  in  the  water- 
courses of  northern,  eastern  and  south-eastern  Arizona,  and  tlm 
wild  goose  is  occasionally  seen  on  the  Colorado,  the  Gila  and 
the  Salt  rivers.  The  crested  quail,  or  California  partridge,  is 
extensively  distributed  and  rapidly  increasing  since  the  settle- 
ment of  the  country  by  whites;  doves  and  pigeons  are  found  in 
the  mountains  and  elevated  plateaus.  The  western  hawk  in- 
habits all  parts  of  the  Territory.  The  crow  family  is  well  repre- 
sented and  is  met  in  every  direction. 

The  American  eagle  is  found  among  the  loft}r  peaks  and  deep 
canyons  of  the  Sierra  Blanco.  There  are  many  species  of  the 
owl  family,  and  their  solemn  hooting  makes  night  hideous  from 
the  Utah  line  to  the  frontier  of  Sonera.  The  melody  of  the 
mocking-bird  is  heard  in  Arizona  wherever  there  is  a  stream  or 
a  grove;  sparrows  abound  in  the  southern  and  central  portions 
of  the  Territory,  and  the  sweet  song  of  the  thrush  trills  forth  in 
many  parts  of  eastern  Arizona.  The  oriole  is  found  in  the 
region  of  Camp  Grant;  and  humming-birds,  warblers,  and 
finches  are  met  with  in  the  central  and  south-eastern  valle}*s  and 
mountain  ranges.  Water-ousels  and  bluebirds  frequent  the 
elevated  regions  of  the  south-east.1  The  Arizona  vireo  is  one  of 
our  sweetest  singers,  and  is  widely  distributed;  wrens  are 
numerous  in  the  south;  swallows,  buntings,  jays,  grosbeaks, 
and  many  species  of  the  woodpecker  are  found  in  every  part  of 
the  Territory;  blackbirds  are  at  home  everywhere.  Such 
aquatic  birds  as  herons,  snipes,  sandpipers,  cranes,  etc.,  are 
found  along  the  Colorado,  the  Gila,  the  Salt,  and  the  larger 
streams.  To  describe  fully  the  birds  of  Arizona,  would  require 
a  volume;  in  brilliancy  of  plumage,  sweetness  of  song,  and 
variety  of  species,. the  feathered  warblers  of  the  eastern  portion 
of  the  Territory  are  not  excelled  in  the  Union. 

FLORA. 

The  flora  of  Arizona  has  many  distinct  peculiarities,  and  em- 
braces several  varieties  found  nowhere  else  in  the  United  States. 
For  the  botanist,  the  Territory  presents  a  wide  field  for  study 
and  investigation.  Arizona  is  the  home  of  the  giant  cactus, 
called  by  the  aborigines,  the  sahuaro.  This  plant  sometimes 
reaches  a  diameter  of  two  feet,  and  frequently  attains  a  height  of 
forty  feet.  Its  body  is  pale  green,  fluted  like  a  Corinthian 
column;  gigantic  arms,  like  the  branches  of  a  candelabrum,  pui 
out  from  the  main  trunk  towards  its  top,  the  whole  being 
covered  with  sharp,  prickly  thorns.  The  plant  bears  a  purple 
blossom,  and- in  the  latter  part  of  June  a  palatable  pear-shaped 


18  THE  RESOURCES  OF  ARIZONA. 

fruit,  prized  by  Mexicans  and  Indians,  and  tasting  something 
like  a  fig. 

The  frame  of  the  sahuaro  is  composed  of  narrow  sticks  of  wood, 
arranged  in  the  form  of  a  cylinder,  and  held  together  by  the 
outside  fibers.  When  this  "  giant  of  the  plains"  falls,  these 
ribs  of  wood  are  used  for  roofing  adobe  houses,  fencing,  etc. 
The  prickly  pear,  another  species  or  the  cactus  family,  is  found 
on  the  elevated  mesas  throughout  the  Territory.  It  attains  a 
height  of  from  four  to  six  feet;  has  large  fleshy  leaves,  which, 
in  their  tender  state,  are  cooked  by  the  natives,  and  taste  not 
unlike  string  beans.  It  bears  a  pink-colored,  pear-shaped  fruit, 
palatable  and  refreshing  to  the  thirsty  traveler.  The  vinegar 
cactus,  another  variety  of  the  plant,  bears  a  small,  deep-red 
berry,  exceedingly  acid  in  taste,  which  is  used  by  the  Indians  as 
an  antiscorbutic. 

The  bisnaga,  or  "  well  of  the  desert,"  is  one  of  the  most  valued 
varieties  of  the  cactus;  it  seldom  reaches  a  height  of  over  four 
feet,  is  of  a  cylindrical  shape,  covered  by  sharp  thorns.  The 
plant  grows  on  the  foothills  and  elevated  plains.  By  cutting 
out  the  center,  a  bowl-shaped  cavity  is  formed,  which  soon  fills 
with  water,  affording  to  the  thirsty  wanderer  a  refreshing  drink; 
the  bisnaga  also  bears  a  bright  yellow  fruit,  which  is  not  un- 
palatable. There  are  many  other  varities  of  the  cactus  in  all 
parts  of  the  Territory,  one  of  the  most  uninviting  being  the 
cholla,  which  sometimes  grows  to  a  height  of  five  feet,  with 
numerous  branches  covered  with  bunches  of  coarse  thorns.  A 
beautiful  plant,  which  in  the  spring  puts  forth  green  leaves  and 
scarlet  blossoms  and  is  found  all  over  the  table  lands  of  Ari- 
zona, is  the  ocotillo.  It  is  by  some  classed  with  the  cactus  fam- 
ily; grows  in  clusters  of  straight  poles,  from  ten  to  fifteen  feet 
in  height,  covered  with  sharp  thorns.  The  plant  is  used  ex- 
tensively for  fencing  in  portions  of  the  Territory  where  there  is 
a  scarcity  of  wood. 

The  matjuc.y,  or  mescal,  sometimes  called  the  century  plant,  is 
found  on  every  hill  and  plateau  of  Arizona,  and  is  the  most  use- 
ful of  all  the  natural  vegetable  products  of  the  Territory.  It  is 
brought  under  a  high  state  of  cultivation  in  Mexico,  and  is  a 
source  of  large  revenue  in  many  portions  of  that  country.  Its 
long,  sharp-pointed  green  leaves  branch  from  the  root  to  a 
height  of  three  or  four  feet;  they  are  fleshy  and  stiff,  their  edges 
being  covered  with  thorns.  The  center  of  the  plant  is  a  large 
.  something  like  a  cabbage,  from  which  springs  a  slender 
pole,  eight  to  twelve  feet  in  height,  bearing  near  its  top,  short 
branches  which  produce  a  yellow  flower.  The  head  is  the  valu- 
able part ,  and  is  looked  upon  by  the  Apaches  as  their  chief  arti- 
cle of  food.  In  preparing  it  for  use  the  leaves  are  peeled  off, 
the  head  is  placed  in  a  primitive  oven  made  of  round  stones 
sunk  in  thci  ground,  and  roasted;  it  is  then  ready  for  use,  is 
sweet  and  nutritious,  lasting  like  a  boiled  beet.  The  Indians 
also  make  it  into  flat  cakes,  which  were  their  principal  means  of 
subsistence  when  on  the  war-path,  during  the  long  and  bloody 
struggle  against  the  whites.  The  juice  is  sometimes  extracted, 


FAUNA  AND  FLORA.  10 

and  makes  a  syrup  that  is  very  palatable;  llio  Indians  also  fer- 
ment it  and  produce  an  intoxicating  liquor  called  //•:»/•///.  The 
Mexicans  distill  the  plant  and  make  "  mescal."  It  is  as  clear  as 
gin,  has  the  strong  smoky  taste  of  Scotch  whisky,  and  will  in- 
toxicate as  quickly  as  either.  The  Indians  make  ropes  from  the 
fiber  of  the  plant,  and  a  fine  quality  of  paper  has  also  been 
manufactured  from  it.  Of  all  the  plants  growing  within  the 
limits  of  the  Territory,  it  is  the  most  valuable;  it  contains  a 
large  amount  of  saccharine  matter,  while  its  fibers  can  be  util- 
ized for  the  making  of  many  useful  articles. 

The  aniolc,  or  soap  weed,  is  another  of  the  valuable  plants 
indigenous  to  Arizona,  and  grows  all  over  its  table  lands  and 
grassy  plains.  It  reaches  a  height  of  three  or  four  feet,  with 
long  and  narrow  pointed  leaves,  which  make  excellent  ropes, 
paper,  cloth,  and  other  fabrics;  the  roots  are  used  by  the  natives 
as  a  substitute  for  soap.  For  washing  woolen  goods  it  is  supe- 
rior to  the  soaps  of  commerce,  the  flannels  being  thoroughly 
cleansed  without  shrinkage;  the  roots ^are  also  used  as  a  hair 
wash,  keeping  it  soft  and  glossy. 

The  hedeundilla,  or  grease  wood,  covers  the  hills,  table  lands 
and  dry  plains  of  Arizona,  over  its  entire  extent.  It  grows 
from  two  to  eight  feet  high,  and  in  the  early  summer  produces 
a  yellow  blossom;  when  the  leaves  are  rubbed  between  the 
hands  an  unpleasant  odor  is  produced  and  a  greasy  substance 
adheres  to  the  fingers.  A  gum  is  obtained  from  this  plant 
which  is  said  to  be  valuable  for  medicinal  purposes.  Among 
the  other  useful  plants  of  the  Territory  may  be  mentioned  the 
2^ectis  and  the  creosote  bush;  the  former  has  an  odor  like 
essence  of  lemon.  No  doubt  there  are  many  other  plants  and 
shrubs,  rich  in  medicinal  qualities,  which  will  be  brought  to 
light  when  the  flora  of  Arizona  is  fully  classified  and  thoroughly 
known. 

Grapes,  wild  cherries,  currants,  strawberries,  and  blackberries, 
are  found  in  the  mountains  and  valleys  of  northern,  central,  and 
eastern  Arizona.  The  native  grapes  are  rich  in  saccharine  mat- 
ter, and  produce  a  very  palatable  wine,  tasting  like  light  claret. 
"Walnuts  are  plentiful  in  the  mountains  and  foothills  of  central 
Arizona.  The  wild  coffee  plant  is  found  on  the  plateau  of  the 
central  portion  of  the  Territory;  the  berry  looks  like  the  coffee 
of  commerce  and  the  flavor  bears  a  slight  resemblance  to  the 
domestic  article. 

Pine,  cedar,  and  juniper,  cover  the  mountains  and  table  lands 
of  northern  and  eastern  Arizona;  the  great  forest  of  the  Mogol- 
lon  range  extends  south  almost  to  the  Gila  river  and  contains 
some  of  the  finest  pine  timber  on  the  continent.  In  the  mount- 
ains south  of  the  Gila,  pine  is  found  around  the  summits  of  the 
Pinaleno,  the  Santa  Catarina,  the  Santa  Rita,  the  Huaclmca, 
and  the  Chiricahua  ranges,  while  the  rolling  foothills  are  covered 
with  a  magnificent  growth  of  oak.  Sycamore,  ash,  walnut,  elder, 
and  cottonwood  are  found  along  the  water-courses  in  all  p: 
of  the  Territory.  Among  the  valuable  woods  of  Arizona  is  tin 
mesquite.  •  This  tree  is  a  native  of  the  region  south  of  the  Greu 


20  THE  RESOURCES  OF  ARIZONA. 

plateau,  and  is  nearly  always  found  in  good  soil.  Along  the 
Gila,  the  Salt  river,  the  Lower  Colorado  and  the  Santa  Cruz 
valleys,  large  forests  are  often  met  with,  many  trees  growing  to 
a  height  of  thirty  feet.  It  is  a  close-grained  wood,  makes  ex- 
cellent wagon  timber  and  splendid  fuel.  The  tree  is  bushy  in 
appearance,  with  a  leaf  resembling  the  locust;  it  bears  large 
quantities  of  a  bean-like  fruit,  which  constitutes  one  of  the 
chief  articles  of  food  among  the  Indians  in  the  southern  por- 
tion of  the  Territory.  These  beans  make  excellent  food  for  cat- 
tle and  horses.  A  dark-looking  liquid  exudes  from  the  tree 
during  the  summer  months,  in  color  and  consistency  like  gum 
arable.  The  mesquite  makes  a  handsome  shade  tree,  and  is  one 
of  the  most  valuable  of  the  native  woods  of  the  Territory. 

The  palo  verde,  or  green  tree,  is  a  native  of  the  soil;  it  is 
found  on  the  dry  mesas,  rolling  hills  and  barren  plains  of  the 
south  and  south-west.  It  seldom  attains  a  height  of  over  twelve 
feet;  its  branches  are  covered  with  thorns;  its  wood  is  soft  and 
spongy,  and  it  does  not  make  even  good  fire-wood.  The  iron 
wood  is  a,  species  of  *the  mesquite,  which  it  much  resembles. 
It  is  a  heavy,  close-grained  wood,  susceptible  of  a  high  polish; 
when  dry  it  is  hard  and  brittle  and  almost  impossible  to  cut 
with  an  ax.  The  bean  it  bears  is  similar  to  the  mesquite,  and 
contains  as  high  as  35  per  cent,  of  grape  sugar;  the  Indians 
prize  it  highly  as  an  article  of  food. 

Of  the  grasses  of  Arizona,  the  most  widely  distributed  is  the 
black  and  white  gramma,  which  grows  in  nearly  every  part  of 
the  Territory.  A  coarse  grass  called  the  gayette  is  found  in  the 
west  and  south-western  portions  of  the  country.  In  the  higher 
regions,  the  pine,  the  mesquite,  and  other  varieties,  are  met 
with.  The  coarse  bunch  grass,  known  as  the  buffalo,  is  found 
growing  in  many  of  the  southern  valleys  and  foothills.  The 
grasses  of  the  country  are  rich  and  nutritious,  keeping  stock  in 
prime  condition  all  seasons  of  the  year. 

FISH. 

Although  not  coming  properly  within  the  scope  of  this  di- 
vision, something  about  the  fishes  of  the  Territory  may  not  be 
out  of  place  here.  In  the  Colorado  there  is  a  species  of  the 
linny  tribe  known  as  the  "  Colorado  salmon."  They  are  a  fish 
tasting  something  like  a  sturgeon,  and  reaching  a  large  size, 
some  weighing  70  pounds  having  been  taken  near  Yuma.  In 
the  Gila  there  is  a  iisli  resembling  a  sucker;  it  is  found  in  large 
numbers  and  is  well-flavored.  AVhat  is  known  as  the  "  Verde 
trout  "  is  found  in  that  stream  and  its  tributaries;  it  resembles 
the  mountain  trout,  and  were  it  not  for  the  number  of  bones, 
would  be  a  valuable  food  iisli.  A  fish  called  the  humpback  is 
found  in  the  Salt  river,  and  some  weighing  four  pounds  have 
been  taken.  A  iish  resembling  a  trout  is  also  found  in  the 
S:ilt;  it  is  of  little  value,  being  composed  mostly  of  bones.  In 
the  head  waters  of  the  Colorado  Chiquito,  and  in  the  cold  and 
i  kling  streams  which  flow  down  from  the  Mogollon  and  the 
Sierra  Blanco  mountains,  trout  are  found  in  abundance.  These 


COUNTIES  AND  BOUNDABIES.  21 

streams,  fed  by  heavy  winter  snows,  arc  alive  with  this  valuable 
fish,  many  of  them  weighing  three  and  four  pounds.  In  the 
upper  waters  of  the  Gila  is  found  what  is  known  ;is  the  white 
trout;  it  is  a  well-flavored  and  palatahle  fish.  The  Legislature 
of  1880-81  passed  an  act  for  stocking  the  rivers  ;m<l  lakes 
of  the  Territory  with  carp  and  other  varieties  suited  to  the 
climate.  Already  steps  have  been  taken  by  the  Commissioners 
appointed  under  the  provisions  of  the  act  to  carry  out  its 
objects,  and  Arizonans  can  hope  in  a  few  years  to  see  the 
water-courses  throughout  the  Territory  well  provided  with  a 
good  supply  of  food  fishes. 

Newspaper  correspondents  and  "tender-foot"  visitors  have 
given  Arizona  an  unenviable  notoriety  for  the  number,  size, 
and  venom  of  its  reptiles  and  poisonous  insects.  The  truth  is 
they  are  not  as  numerous  or  dangerous  as  in  many  of  the  West- 
ern States.  On  the  rolling  plains  and  mesas  several  species  of 
the  rattlesnake  are  met  with,  but  are  far  less  numerous  than 
has  been  popularly  supposed.  It  is  stated  that  in  one  explor- 
ing expedition  of  over  2,000  miles,  not  more  than  twenty  snakes 
were  observed.  In  the  lofty  mountain  ranges  they  are  rarely 
met  with.  Small-sized  lizards  are  found  everywhere  on  the 
dry  mesas  and  plains,  and  the  horned  toad  is  at  home  in  many 
localities.  The  saurian  known  as  the  "  Gila  monster,"  is  found 
in  the  southern  part  of  the  Territory;  it  is  a  large  species  of  the 
lizard,  and  makes  its  home  on  the  barren  plains  that  stretch 
along  the  Gila  and  its  tributaries,,  below  the  canyon.  It  is  red 
and  black  in  color,  is  covered  with  scales  like  the  alligator,  and 
is  entirely  harmless.  It  sometimes  attains  a  length  of  two  feet. 
This  variety  of  the  lizard  is  peculiar  to  Arizona,  and  is  consid- 
ered one  of  the  institutions  of  this  peculiar  country. 


COUNTIES  AND  BOUNDARIES. 

The  Territory  of  Arizona  is  divided  into  ten  counties,  namely: 
Pima,  Yavapai,  Maricopa,  Mohave,  Apache,  Yurna,  Final, 
Cachise,  Gila,  and  Graham. 

PIMA. 

Pima  county,  the  oldest  inhabited  portion  of  the  Territory,  is 
bounded  on  the  north  by  Maricopa  and  Final,  on  the  east  by 
Cachise,  on  the  south  by  Sonora,  and  on  the  west  by  Yu 
county.  The  western  portion  of  the  county  consists  of  dry, 
rolling  plains,  with  isolated  peaks  and  detached  mountain, 
ranges.  It  is  covered  with  a  sparse  growth  of  grass,  and  in 
places,  with  mesquite  wood.  Water  is  scarce  in  this  region, 
but  wherever  it  is  found  grazing  is  excellent.  Its-  mountains 
are  rich  in  gold,  silver,  and  copper.  This  part  of  the  Territory 
is  the  home  of  the  Papago  Indians,  and  is  known  as  the  Papa- 
gueria.  Pima  county,  south  and  east  of  Tucson,  may  be  de/- 


22  THE  RESOURCES  OF  ARIZONA. 

scribed  as  a  country  of  plains,  rolling  hills,  find  lofty  mount- 
ains. The  Santa  Ritas  and  the  Patagonia  ranges  are  well 
watered  and  timbered,  while  their  slopes  are  covered  with  fine 
grasses.  To  the  north  the  rocky  Santa  Catarina  stretches  away 
toward  the  canyon  of  the  Gila.  The  Santa  Cruz  flows  through 
the  county,  leaving  a  rich  and  productive  valley.  Pima  has  fine 
grazing  lands,  and  its  mountains  are  rich  in  minerals. 

YAVAPAI. 

Tavapai  county  extends  from  the  thirty-fourth  to  the  thirty- 
seventh  degree  of  latitude,  and  embraces  nearly  three  de- 
grees of  longitude.  It  contains  nearly  one-third  of  the  entire 
area  of  the  Territory.  It  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Utah,  on 
the  east  ~by  Apache  county,  on  the  south  by  Maricopa  and  Gila 
counties,  and  on  the  west  by  Mohave  county.  It  embraces  the 
larger  portion  of  the  Great  Colorado  plateau,  and  its  general 
elevation  is  from  four  to  seven  thousand  feet  above  the  level  of 
the  sea.  Its  physical  features  may  be  described  as  an  immense 
elevated  table  land,  crossed  in  all  directions  by  lofty  mountain 
ranges,  adorned  by  beautiful  valleys,  and  seamed  and  riven  by 
deep  canyons  and  rocky  gorges.  The  mountains  carry  a  fine 
growth  of  pine,  oak,  and  juniper,  while  the  uplands  are  covered 
with  a  luxuriant  growth  of  nutritious  grasses.  The  count}^  is 
watered  by  the  Colorado  Chiquito,  the  Verde,  the  Agua  Fria, 
the  Hassayampa,  the  Santa  Maria,  and  many  other  streams. 
That  portion  of  the  county  south  of  the  thirty-fifth  parallel  is 
rich  in  minerals  of  almost  every  description.  The  grazing 
resources  of  Tavapai  are  not  excelled  in  the  Territory.  In  the 
north-eastern  corner  of  the  county  is  that  remarkable  region 
known  as  the  Painted  desert,  composed  of  mighty  columns 
which  have  been  left  standing  in  solitary  grandeur  by  slow  de- 
nudations which  have  been  at  work  for  ages.  This  wild  arid 
weird  region  partakes  of  the  character  of  the  "  Fata  Morgana." 
Explorers  say  that  on  its  air  are  depicted  "  palaces,  hanging 
gardens,  colonnades,  temples,  fountains,  lakes,  fortifications 
with  flags  flying  on  their  ramparts,  landscapes,  woods,  groves, 
orchards,  meadows,  and  companies  of  men  and  women,  herds 
of  cattle,  deer,  antelope,  etc.,  all  painted  with  such  an  admir- 
able mixture  of  light  and  shade  that  it  is  impossible  to  form 
any  conception  of  the  picture  without  seeing  it."  The  Indians 
call  it  the  country  of  departed  spirits. 

MARICOPA. 

Maricopa  county  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Yavapai,  on  the 
east  by  Gila  and  Pinal,  on  the  south  by  Pinal  and  Pima,  and 
on  the  west  by  Tuma.  The  western  portion  of  the  county  is 
composed  of  broad  plains,  crossed  by  rugged  mountains,  cov- 
ered with  coarse  grasses,  with  mesquite  and  palo  verde  wood 
growing  in  many  places.  The  Gila  river  enters  the  county 
near  Maricopa  Wells  and  flows  for  nearly  100  miles  through 
the  western  portion  of  it,  making  a  rich  and  productive 
valley.  Salt  river,  in  its  course  through  Maricopa,  flows 


COUNTIES  AND  BOUNDARIES.  23 

through  the  finest  body  of  agricultural  land  in  the  Territory. 
That  portion  of  Maricopa  north  and  east  of  Phoenix,  is  a 
ruggfed,  mountainous  region,  intersected  by  spurs  from  the 
Mazatzal  and  the  Verde  ranges,  and  known  to  be  rich  in  min- 
erals. Maricopa,  besides  its  great  agricultural  and  mineral 
resources,  contains  some  fine  grazing  lands  along  the  Gila,  the 
Upper  Salt,  and  the  Verde. 

MOHAVE. 

Mohave  county  occupies  the  north-western  corner  of  the  Ter- 
ritory. It  is  bounded  on  the  west  by  the  Colorado  river,  on  the 
north  by  Utah  and  Nevada,  on  the  east  by  Yavapai,  and  on  the 
south  by  Yuma.  Mohave  is  a  region  of  rugged  mountain  ranges, 
with  immense  valleys,  covered  with  coarse  but  nutritious  grasses. 
Four  well-defined  ranges,  the  Sacramento,  the  Cerbat,  the 
Hualapai,  and  the  Cottouwood,  pursue  a  parallel  course  through 
that  portion  of  the  county  south  and  east  of  the  Colorado. 
Water  is  found  in  these  mountains,  and  nearly  all  of  them  are 
mineral-bearing.  Mohave  has  some  fine  grazing  land,  but  its 
agricultural  resources  are  limited  to  the  valley  of  the  Big  Sandy 
and  the  Colorado.  But  little  is  known  of  the  region  north  of 
the  Colorado,  though  it  is  supposed  to  be  an  elevated  plateau, 
crossed  by  mountains,  seamed  by  canyons,  and  generally  desti- 
tute of  water. 

APACHE. 

Apache  county  occupies  the  north-eastern  portion  of  the  Ter- 
ritory. It  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Colorado,  on  the  east 
by  New  Mexico,  on  the  south  by  Graham  and  Gila  counties, 
and  on  the  west  by  Yavapai.  Apache  embraces  a  large  area  of 
the  Colorado  plateau,  and  its  elevation  above  the  sea  level  is  from 
five  to  seven  thousand  feet,  while  some  of  its  commanding 
peaks  attain  a  height  of  over  11,000  feet.  That  portion  of  the 
county  north  of  the  Colorado  Chiquito  and  the  Rio  Puerco,  is 
composed  of  elevated  table  lands,  isolated  mountains,  and  deep 
and  narrow  canyons.  In  the  northern  end  of  the  county  is  the 
remarkable  plateau  called  the  Mesa  la  Vaca,  elevated  about 
1,000  feet  above  the  surrounding  formation.  This  is  the  great 
coal  region  of  Arizona,  which  extends  across  the  north-western 
portion  of  Apache  county.  This  elevated  region  is  covered  by 
a  growth  of  fine  grass,  crowned  with  sjbunted  pines  and  cedars. 
Water  is  not  plentiful.  The  extreme  north-eastern  corner  of  the 
county,  through  which  flow  the  Bio  de  Chelly  and  its  tributa- 
ries, is  included  in  the  Navajo  Indian  reservation.  That  part 
of  Apache  south  of  the  thirty-fifth  parallel  is  one  of  the  best- 
timbered  and  watered  portions  of  Arizona.  The  snowfall  in 
this  part  of  the  territory  is  very  heav}7,  giving  rise  to  many 
beautiful,  clear,  mountain  streams,  which  flow  out  through 
lovely  valleys  all  the  year  round.  The  ranges  of  the  Mogollon 
and  the  Sierra  Blanco  traverse  this  region,  their  summits  cov- 
ered with  a  heavy  growth  of  timber,  while  the  valleys  and  mesas 
are  carpeted  with  rich  and  luxuriant  grasses.  The  valley  of  the 
Colorado  Chiquito  contains  fine  farming  land,  and  sufficient 


24  THE   RESOURCES   OF   ARIZONA. 

•water  for  irrigation.  Apache  county  Las  some  of  the  best  graz- 
ing lauds  in  the  Territory.  In  romantic  and  picturesque 
mountain  scenery  it  is  not  equaled  in  Arizona. 

GRAHAM. 

Graham  county,  which -has  just  been  organized  from  por- 
tions of  Pima  and  Apache,  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Apache, 
on  the  east  by  New  Mexico,  on  the  south  by  Cachise,  and  on 
the  west  by  Final  and  Gila.  The  Gila  river  flows  through  the 
center  of  the  county,  making  a  rich  and  fertile  valley,  which  is 
being  brought  under  a  high  state  of  cultivation.  The  Galiuro, 
the  Pinaleno,  and  the  Peloncillo  ranges  extend  through  the 
county  south  of  the  Gila,  while  north  of  that  stream,  the  Gila 
mountains,  the  Sierra  Natanes,  and  the  Sierra  cle  Petahaya 
cross  its  surface  in  every  direction.  The  mountains  are  gener- 
ally well  wooded,  while  the  broad  valleys  which  lie  between  are 
covered  with  rich  grasses,  affording  pasturage  for  large  herds 
of  cattle.  The  county  is  well  supplied  with  water,  and  contains 
valuable  mineral  deposits  near  it  eastern  border. 

GILA. 

Gila  county,  called  into,  existence  by  the  last  session  of  the 
Legislature,  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Yavapai,  on  the  east 
by  Graham  and  Apache,  on  the  south  by  Pinal,  and  on  the 
west  by  Pinal  and  Maricopa.  It  is  a  compact,  mineral  country, 
crossed  in  all  directions  by  detached  spurs  and  rolling  uplands. 
The  Pinal  range  is  heavily  timbered,  and  the  whole  county  is 
covered  with  rich  grasses.  The  Salt  river  flows  nearly  through 
the  center  of  the  county,  while  its  southern  border  is  washed 
by  the  Gila  river.  Gila  is  rich  in  gold,  silver,  and  copper,  and 
has,  also,  some  fine  cattle  ranges.  Its  agricultural  resources 
are  confined  to  a  narrow  strip  above  the  Salt  river  canyon,  and 
the  valley  of  the  Gila  and  San  Carlos,  now  included  in  the  San 
Carlos  Indian  reservation. 

PINAL. 

Pinal  county  is  bounded  on  the  south  by  Pima,  on  the  west 
by  Maricopa,  on  the  north  by  Maricopa  and  Gila,  and  on  the 
rust  by  Graham.  South  of  the  Gila,  the  county  is  made  up 
of  open,  barren  plains  and  isolated  groups  of  rugged  mountains. 
These  plains  are  covered  with  rich  gramma  grasses,  but  devoid 
of  water.  The  valley  of  the  Gila,  which  flows  through  the 
county  from  east  to  west,  is  one  of  the  most  productive  spots 
in  the  Territory,  and  yields  large  crops  of  grain  and  vegetables. 
The  north-eastern  part  of  the  county  is  crossed  by  the  Super- 
si  ition,  Mescal,  and  Salt  River  mountains.  They  are  rich  in 
mineral,  though  dc!ici<;nt  in  limber.  The  eastern  corner  of 
Pinal,  south  of  the  Gila,  contains  some  fine  farming  and 
grazing  land.  The  San  Pedro  flows  through  the  county  for 
nearly  10  miles,  and  its  rich  but  narrow  valley  is  under  a  high 
Rt.ite  of  cultivation.  Coal  has  also  been  discovered  in  this 
region,  with  every  promise  of  permanency. 


CHIEF  TOWN  25 

CACHI'SE. 

Cachise  county  occupies  the  extreme  eouth-easterp  corner  of 
the  Territory.  It  was  organi/cd  in  Jssl,  i'n.m  n  portion  of 
Pima  county.  It  is  bounded  ou  tin-  south  by  Sonora,  on  the 
west  by  Pima,  on  the  north  by  Graham,  and  on  the  cast,  by  New 
Mexico.  The  massive  chain  of  the  Chiricahim  runs  through 
the  county  in  the  east,  while  the  Huachuca,  the  Whetstone,  the 
Dragoon,  the  Mule  mountains,  and  the  Galiuro  ranges  cross  it 
from  the  north  to  south,  in  the  west.  All  of  these  mountains 
are  covered  with  pine,  oak,  and  juniper,  while  the  broad  valleys 
that  lie  between,  and  the  rolling  table  lands  bear  a  generous 
growth  of  nutritious  grasses.  The  San  Pedro  flows  through 
the  county  from  its  southern  to  its  northern  boundary,  carrying 
sufficient  water  to  irrigate  the  rich  and  fertile  valley  that, 
stretches  along  its  banks.  To  the  east  of  the  Chiricahua  range 
is  the  great  valley  of  the  San  Simon,  an  immense  extent  of  fine 
grazing  land,  with  water  to  be  found  along  its  entire  extent, 
within  a  few  feet  of  the  surface.  The  mountain  ranges  of  Ca- 
chise  are  well  watered,  while  the  wonderful  richness  of  their 
mineral  deposijts  has  attracted  the  attention  of  the  entire 
country. 

YUMA. 

Yuma  county,  which  comprises  the  south-western  portion  of 


county  for  nearly  100  miles,  making  in  its  course  a  fine  valley, 
which  is  susceptible  of  high  cultivation.  The  eastern  portion 
of  the  county  is  composed  of  a  high  table  land,  with  detached, 
rugged  mountains  crossing  it  in  all  directions.  This  table  land 
is  covered  with  coarse  grasses,  and  affords  excellent  grazing, 
where  water  can  be  had.  Many  of  the  isolated  ranges  are 
known  to  be  rich  in  minerals.  That  portion  of  Yuma  county 
lying  along  the  Colorado  is  traversed  from  north  to  south  by 
parallel  ranges  of  scorched  and  barren  mountains,  such  as  Castle 
Dome,  the  Plomosa,  the  Chocolate,  and  many  other  broken  and 
detached  ranges,  nearly  all  of  which  are  rich  in  the  precious 
metals.  Besides  the  farming  land  along  the  Gila,  Yuma  has  a 
large  and  productive  valley  on  the  Colorado. 


CHIEF  TOWNS. 

TUCSOX. 


Tucson,  the  county  seat  of  Pima  county,  is  situated  on   a 
sloping  mesa  on  the  right  bank  of  the   Santa  Cruz  river, 
stands  in  a  wide  plain,  surrounded  on  all  sides  by  mountain 
ranges.     It  is  about  midway  between  the   Gila  river  and  the 
boundary  line  of  Sonora,  and  is  about  250  miles  east  of  1 
Colorado  river,  and  nearly  300  miles  north  of  the  harbor  of 


26  THE  RESOURCES  OF  ARIZONA. 

Guayinas,  on  the  Gulf  of  California.  It  is  situated  near  lati- 
tude 32-  20'  north,  and  in  longitude  110°  55'  west  from  Green- 
wich. The  early  history  of  Tucson  is  involved  in  obscurity.  It 
is  generally  believed  that  it  was  established  as  a  Spanish  mili- 
tary station  to  protect  the  mission  of  San  Xavier  del  Bac,  about 
the  year  1694.  Tucson  remained  a  small  and  insignificant  pue- 
blo until  the  California  gold  fever  of  '49  and  '50,  when  the 
rush  of  adventurers  along  the  southern  route  to  the  golden- 
shores  of  the  Pacific  infused  new  life  into  the  sleepy  old  town. 
After  the  occupation  of  the  country  by  the  American  troops,  in 
1855,  Tucson  became  the  most  important  point  in  the  Territory, 
and  its  growth  has  been  steady  ever  since.  "With  the  comple- 
tion of  the  Southern  Pacific  railroad,  the  old  pueblo  has  made 
rapid  strides  in  population,  wealth,  and  material  prosperity,  and 
contains,  at  the  present-  time,  between  seven  and  eight  thou- 
sand inhabitants,  many  of  whom  are  Mexican.  Tucson,  in  its 
general  appearance,  resembles  a  Spanish-American  town.  The 
houses,  built  of  adobe,  or  sun-dried  brick,  are  generally  of  one 
story,  with  flat  roofs,  and  narrow  doors  and  windows,  with 
court-yards  in  the  interior.  The  streets  in  the  older  part  of  the 
town  are  narrow  and  tortuous,  and  the  houses  make  very  little 
pretensions  to  architectural  beauty.  The  advent  of  the  railroad, 
however,  has  drawn  hither  an  active,  energetic  American  popu- 
lation, and  the  old  order  of  things  is  being  rapidly  done  away 
with.  Tucson  contains  the  largest  mercantile  houses  in  the  Ter- 
ritory, who  do  a  heavy  trade  with  Sonora  and  the  northern  States 
of  Mexico.  The  business  of  the  town  for  1880,  amounted  to 
over  $7,000,000.  The  place  contains  some  fine  private  resi- 
dences, which  would  be  a  credit  to  any  town  on  the  coast. 
The  Catholic  cathedral  is  an  imposing  structure,  built  of  brick 
and  adobe.  The  Presbyterian  church  is  a  tasteful  building 
of  sun-dried  brick.  The  Baptists  have  also  a  place  of  wor- 
ship, and  the  Methodists  have  laid  the  foundation  for  a  large 
and  handsome  edifice.  Besides  the  public  school,  which  is 
hugely  attended,  the  Sisters  of  St.  Joseph  have  an  academy  for 
girls,  with  an  attendance  of  nearly  100  pupils.  A  parochial 
school  is  also  maintained  with  an  enrollment  of  285  pupils— 160 
males,  and  125  females.  The  Odd  Fellows,  Masons,  Knights  of 
Pythias,  Good  Templars,  and  United  Workmen,  have  flourish- 
ing lodges.  Tucson  has  two  banking-houses,  four  hotels,  two 
breweries,  two  flouring  mills,  a  foundry,  and  large  mercantile 

'  •] ^hnients    in   every   branch   of   trade.     Three   daily  and 

iy  newspapers  are  published  here.     The  Arizona  Star,  by 

L.  C.  Hughes,  is  a  bright  and  able  chronicle  of  the  wants  and 

turcee  of  the  southern  country;  the  Arizona  Journal,  by  F. 
Y».  Thompson,  is  a  reliable  and  newsy  exponent  of  public  senti- 
ment, and  an  active  champion  of  the  material  interests  of  the 
country;  the  '  <'"'/.'//,  the  second  oldest  newspaper  in 

fiie  Territory,  is  conducted  with  ability  by  R.  C.  Brown,  and  is 
devulcd  to  the  vast  and  varied  resources  of  Pima  county  and 
Southern  Arizona.  Kl  l'r<>nl>'r'(?.n,  by  Carlos  Velasco,  is  pub- 
lished weekly,  and  supplies  the  Spanish-speaking  population 


CHIEF  TOWNS.  27 

v.'iih  the  current  news  in  their  native  tongue,.  The  suburbs  of 
Tucson  afford  some  pleasant  drives.  San  Xavier  church  is  n 
miles  up  the  Santa  Cruz,  while  Fort  Lowell  is  at  the  l>:is<;  of 
the  Santa  Catarina  mountains,  seven  miles  a\vay.  Tho  valley 
of  the  Santa  Cruz,  opposite  Tucson,  presents  a  beautiful  ap- 
pearance, with  its  green  fields  and  groves  of  cottonwood.  Sit- 
uated on  the  main  highway  between  the  east  and  west,  and  on 
the  direct  route  to  the  Gulf,  with  one  railroad  passing  through 
it,  and  others  projected,  and  with  the  rich  mineral  belt  lying  all 
around  it,  Tucson  has  every  reason  to  feel  secure  in  its  future. 

TOMBSTONE. 

Tombstone,  the  county  seat  of  Cachise  county,  is  one  of  those 
mining  towns  which  has  sprung  into  existence,  as  if  by  magic, 
from  the  discovery  of  the  wonderfully  rich  ore  bodies  which 
surround  it  on  all  sides.  A  little  more  than  two  years  ago,  the 
site  of  the  present  town  was  a  desolate- waste;  to-day  an  active, 
energetic  population  of  over  G,000  souls  gives  life  and  animation 
to  its  crowded  streets.  The  town  is  built  on  a  mesa  at  the 
southern  end  of  the  Dragoon  mountains,  nine  miles  east  of  the 
San  Pedro  river,  about  seventy  miles  south-east  of  Tucson  and 
twenty-eight  miles  south  of  Benson,  on  the  Southern  Pacific 
railroad.  It  is  situated  near  latitude  31°  30'  north,  and  in 
longitude  110°  west  of  Greenwich.  The  first  house  was  erected 
in  April,  1879,  and  since  then  its  growth  has  been  remarkable. 
Surrounded  on  allsides  by  immense  bodies  of  rich  ore,  Tomb- 
stone presents  the  appearance  of  a  typical  mining  camp  in  the 
full  tide  of  prosperity.  The  town  is  built  of  wood  and  adobes. 
It  contains  many  fine  business  houses,  a  large  and  commodious 
theater  and  public  hall,  four  large  hotels,  two  banks,  and 
numerous  private  residences,  displaying  both  taste  and  comfort. 
It  contains  four  churches:  Methodist,  a  handsome  edifice,  Cath- 
olic, Presbyterian  and  Episcopal.  It  has  one  public  school, 
which  is  largely  attended,  and  also  a  private  academy,  which 
receives  generous  patronage. 

Tombstone  is  the  center  of  an  immense  area  of  rich  mineral 
territory.  It  has  a  large  and  growing  trade  with  the  adjacent 
mining  camps,  and  with  Sonora.  Its  mercantile  houses  carry 
heavy  stocks,  and  do  a  thriving  business.  Tombstone  has  two 
newspapers,  the  Nugget  and  the  Epitaph,  published  daily  and 
weekly.  The  former  is  the  pioneer  journal  of  the  camp,  and  in 
its  general  make-up  and  the  ability  displayed  in  its  columns,  is 
worthy  of  the  generous  support  it  is  receiving.  It  is  conducted 
by  H.  M.  Woods.  The  Epitaph  is  a  live,  newsy  journal,  devoted 
to  the  vast  resources  of  the  Tombstone  region,  and  has  worked 
incessantly  to  bring  those  resources  to  the  attention  of  the  out- 
side world.  Clum  &  Reppy  are  its  proprietors.  Water  is 
brought  to  the  town  in  iron  pipes  from  the  Dragoon  mount- 
ains, sixteen  miles  away.  A  project  is  on  foot  to  tap  the  cool 
springs  in  the  Huackacas,  twenty-one  miles  distant,  which 
would  supply  the  town  with  pure  mountain  water  for  all  time 
to  come.  Tombstone  is  at  present  one  of  the  most  active  towns 


23  THE  RESOURCES   OF  ARIZONA. 

on  the  Pacific  coast.  New  buildings  are  going  up  constantly, 
while  rich  discoveries  are  being  brought  to  light  in  the  vast 
mineral  belt  which  extends  in  all  directions.  Its  future  growth 
and  prosperity  is  assured,  and  it  promises  yet  to  rival  the  me- 
tropolis of  the  Comstock  in  its  most  prosperous  days. 

PRESCOTT. 

Prescott,  the  capital  of  Arizona,  and  the  county  seat  of 
Yavapai  county,  is  situated  in  a  beautiful  mountain  glade,  sur- 
rounded by  the  northern  spurs  of  the  Sierra  Prieta.  The  town 
was  laid  out  in  May,  1864,  and  named  "  in  honor  of  the 
eminent  American  writer  and  standard  authority  upon  Aztec 
and  Spanish  American  history."  Its  site  is  in  latitude  34°  30' 
north,  and  in  longitude,  112°  30"  west  from  Greenwich.  The 
town  has  a  beautiful  situation,  being  surrounded  by  low  hills, 
crowned  with  lofty  pines,  and  covered  with  fine  grasses.  The 
streets  are  broad  and  laid  out  with'  the  cardinal  points  of 
compass.  In  the  center  of  the  town  is  a  large  plaza,  in  which 
stands  the  county  court-house,  the  finest  structure  in  the 
Territory.  It  is  built  of  brick  and  stone,  two  stories  in  height, 
with  a  mansard  roof,  crowned  by  a  handsome  tower.  Prescott 
has  the  appearance  of  a  homelike,  Eastern  town.  Its  buildings 
are  of  wood,  brick,  and  stone.  It  contains  the  handsomest 
mercantile  establishments  in  the  Territory,  many  of  which 
would  be  a  credit  to  older  and  more  pretentious  communities. 
It  is  the  center  of  an  extensive  mining,  pastoral,  and  agricul- 
tural region,  and  has  a  large  and  prosperous  trade.  Besides 
its  fine  business  establishments,  Prescott  can  show  many  elegant 
private  residences.  It  has  a  fine  theater  and  a  large  public 
hall.  Three  saw  mills  are  in  constant  operation  near  the  town. 

Prescott  has  one  bank,  a  fine  brick  structure  72  by  29  feet, 
and  two  stories  in  height,  two  hotels,  three  breweries,  fifteen 
mercantile  establishments,  and,  like  all  frontier  towns,  numer- 
ous saloons.  The  town  is  situated  about  5,500  feet  above  sea 
level,  and  possesses  one  of  the  most  delightful  climates  on  the 
continent;  and  with  its  pine-covered  hills,  green  valleys,  and 
beautiful  gardens,  is  one  of  the  most  attractive  towns  on  the 
Pacific  coast.  The  Catholics,  the  Methodists,  the  Baptists,  the 
Presbyterians  and  the  Congregationalists,  have  handsome 
cb arches.  A  fine  brick  school-house,  two  stories  in  height,  is 
one  of  the  ornaments  of  the  town.  The  Masons,  the  Odd 
Fellows,  the  Knights  of  Pythias,  and  the  Foresters  have 
nourishing  societies.  Two  newspapers  are  published  here,  the 
.  the  oldest  newspaper  in  the  Territory,  and  the 
Ariz'iim  />'•„,,„•/•,//.  The  former  is  conducted  by  C.  W.  Beach, 
and  is  untiring  in  its  efforts  to  give  publicity  to  the  vast  re- 
source-- nj'  Nurihern  Ari/ona.  The  Vemocrai  is  owned  and 
edited  l>y  Hun.  ( lideon  J.  Tucker,  formerly  of  the  Albany  Argus 
and  the  New  York  Jtnilij  AV/rs.  It  is  ably  conducted,  and 
justly  appreciated  for  its  devotion  to  the  material  interests  of 
the  Territory.  The  population  of-  Prescott  is  about  two  thou- 
sand. With  its  charming  situation,  line  climate,  and  the  varied 


CHIEF  TOWNS.  29 

resources  which  surround  it,  the  town  is  destined  to  be  a  place 
of  importance. 

HKKMX. 

Phoenix,  the  county  seat  of  Maricopa  county,  is  Rit.iinl.rd  in 
the  great  Salt  river  valley,  twenty-five  miles  above  the  junction 
of  the  Gila  and  the  Salt  rivers,  and  about  two  miles  north  of  the 
latter 'slrenm,  ninety  miles  south  of  Prescott,  and  twenty-eight 
miles  north  of  the  Southern  Pacific;  railroad  at  Maricopa 
station.  It  is  in  latitude  33°  25' north  and  in  longitude  I  TJ 
west.  The  first  settlement  was  made  in  December,  1S70,  in 
what  was  then  a  barren  desert.  By  bringing  the  fertilizing 
waters  of  the  Salt  river  over  the  plain,  the  valley  has  been  made 
the  most  fertile  and  productive  in  the  Territory.  Phoenix  is  a 
beautiful  town,  with  wide  streets  shaded  with  groves  of  cotton- 
wood  trees,  and  cooled  by  streams  of  water  running  through 
the  principal  thoroughfares.  It  is  the  center  of  trade  for  the 
productive  farming  region  which  surrounds  it  on  all  sides,  and 
has  a  number  of  handsome  mercantile  establishments  which  do 
a  prosperous  business.  It  has  three  churches,  Methodist,  Pres- 
byterian and  Catholic,  all  handsome  structures.  The  houses 
are  generally  built  of  adobe,  as  that  material  is  found  to  be  best 
adapted  to  this  climate.  A  large,  two-story  brick  school-house, 
is  one  of  the  chief  adornments  of  the  town.  The  Odd  Fellows, 
Masons,  Red  Men,  United  Order  of  Workmen,  and  Good  Tem- 
plars have  organizations  here.  The  Maricopa  Library  Associa- 
tion is  one  of  the  most  prosperous  societies  in  the  town.  Two 
newspapers  are  published  in  Phoenix,  the  Phoenix  Herald  and 
the  Arizona  Gazette,  the  former  by  John  J.  Gosper,  and 
the  latter  by  McNeil  &  Co.;  they  are  both  well  conducted, 
newsy  journals,  able  exponents  of  the  interests  of  the  people 
and  the  resources  of  the  Salt  river  valley,  and  are  published 
daily  and  weekly.  The  population  of  Phoenix  is  about  1500, 
and  is  rapidly  increasing.  With  its  splendid  water  facilities 
and  rich  soil,  with  its  fine  farms,  beautiful  gardens,  and  shady 
groves,  Phoenix  is  a  handsome  and  a  prosperous  town,  with  a 
bright  future  before  it. 

GLOBE. 

Globe,  the  chief  town  of  Gila  county  and  its  county  seat,  is 
situated  on  Pinal  creek,  a  tributary  of  the  Salt  river,  about  120 
miles  north-west  from  Wilcox  station  on  the  Southern  Pacific 
railroad,  and  about  90  miles  north-east  of  Florence.  It  is  a 
live  mining  town  in  the  midst  of  a  rich  and  extensive  mineral 
belt.  The  place  has  a  pleasant  situation  in  the  valley  of  Pinal 
creek,  surrounded  by  rolling  grassy  hitls,  and  backed  by  the 
lofty,  pine-covered  Pinal  mountains  to  the  south.  The  town  is 
built  principally  of  wood  and  brick,  and  presents  a  neat  and 
attractive  appearance.  It  has  twelve  mercantile  houses,  one 
bank,  two  hotels,  a  handsome  Methodist  church,  a  fine  public 
school-house,  two  wagon  shops,  two  drug  stores,  blacksmith 
shops,  breweries,  and  several  saloons.  The  town  sprang  up 
after  the  rich  silver  discoveries  in  this  region  in  1876.  It  has 
now  a  population  of  over  1,000,  and  a  large  and  steadily  grow- 


30  THE  EESOURCES  OF  ARIZONA. 

ing  trade  with  the  mining  camps  adjacent.  Globe  lias  two 
weekly  newspapers,  the  Silver  Belt  and  the  Chronicle.  The 
former  is  conducted  by  Judge  Hackney,  and  is  a  reliable  and 
consistent  advocate  of  the  wants  and  interests  of  Gila  county, 
and  the  Territory  in  general.  The  Chronicle  is  owned  by  W.  H. 
Glover,  and  is  a  staunch  friend  to  its  section  and  a  credit  to  Arizona 
journalism.  Globe  has  an  eligible  situation  in  the  center  of  a 
Vast  mineral  and  grazing  region,  and  is  growing  steadily. 

FLORENCE. 

Florence,  the  principal  town  of  Final  county,  is  situated 
about  25  miles  north-east  of  Casa  Grande,  on  the  Southern  Pacific 
railroad,  80  miles  north  of  Tucson,  and  45  miles  south-east  of 
Phoenix.  The  town  has  a  beautiful  situation  in  the  rich  valley 
of  the  Gila.  It  is  surrounded  by  groves  of  cottonwood,  clear 
streams  of  water  flow  through  every  street,  and  beautiful  gar- 
dens, where  fruits  and  flowers  grow  luxuriantly,  make  it  one  of 
the  most  attractive  towns  in  the  Territory.  Its  buildings  are 
principally  of  adobe,  many  of  them  tastefully  adorned.  Flor- 
ence has  several  large  business  houses,  two  hotels,  two  commo- 
dious public  schools,  a  Catholic  church,  a  brewery,  restaurants, 
saloons,  and  two  flouring-mills.  The  town  was  laid  out  in 
1868,  and  has  a  population  of  800,  one  third  of  whom  are  Mex- 
ican. It  is  the  county  seat  of  Final.  The  Territorial  Enter- 
prise, a  weekly  newspaper,  is  published  here.  It  is  an  able  and 
industrious  champion  of  the  many  resources  of  that  portion  of 
the  Territory.  Florence  is  about  500  feet  above  sea  level,  in  the 
center  of  one  of  the  finest  bodies  of  agricultural  land  in  the 
Territory,  and  with  rich  mines  north,  south,  and  east,  will 
always  be  a  prosperous  town. 

YUMA. 

Yuma,  the  county  seat  of  Yuma  county,  is  situated  near  the 
junction  of  the  Gila  with  the  Rio  Colorado,  and  about  twenty 
miles  north  of  the  Sonora  line.  On  a  commanding  bluff, 
opposite  the  town,  on  the  California  side  of  the  river,  is  Fort 
Yurna,  built  on  the  site  of  a  mission  established  here  by  the 
Spanish  fathers  as  early  as  1771,  and  destroyed  by  the  Yuma 
Indians  ten  years  later.  The  first  settlement  at  the  site  of  the 
town  of  Yuma  was  made  by  Dr.  Lincoln  and  others  in  1849, 
who  established  a  ferry  over  the  Colorado  to  accommodate  the 
thousands  who  flocked  to  the  newly  discovered  gold  region  of 
California.  An  outbreak  among  the  Indians  destroyed  the 
ferry  and  killed  all  the  owners,  except  three  persons.  In  1850, 
the  ferry,  was  again  started  by  Don  Diego  Jaeger  and  others. 
This  party  were  again  attacked  in  1851  by  the  Indians,  who 
compelled  them  to  abandon  their  enterprise  and  retreat  to 
California.  In  1852,  Heintzelman  and  Stoneman  (both  of 
whom  afterwards  rose  to  high  commands  in  the  civil  war), 
marched  across  the  Colorado  desert  with  a  detachment  of 
United  States  troops,  and  established  the  post  of  Fort  Yuma. 
The  ferry  was  again  started,  and  the  village  of  Arizona  City 


CHIEF  TOWNS.  31 

grew  up  around  it.  In  1SGJ:,  Yuma  was  made  the  distributing 
point  for  the  military  posts  in  Arizona,  and  advanced  rapidly  in 
population  and  business.  It  contains  several  Large  stores, 
three  hotels  (one  owned  by  the  railroad  company),  a  large  wagon 
shop,  blacksmith  shops,  saloons,  etc.  It  has  one  public,  school 
with  a  daily  attendance  of  50.  The  Sisters  of  Charity  have 
also  a  flourishing  school  at  this  place.  The  Territorial  prison 
is  situated  here.  It  is  a  secure  and  roomy  structure,  built  of 
stone,  and  situated  on  a  bluff  above  the  Colorado.  The  railroad 
company  have  built  extensive  shops  at  this  point  and  give  em- 
ployment to  a  large  number  of  men;  they  have  also  erected  a 
line  bridge  over  the  Colorado.  TLe  population  is  about  1,200. 
Yuma  has  two  newspapers,  the  Sentinel  and  the  An'z"nn  /•'/•'<• 
yv<w.  The  former  is  conducted  by  J.  \V.  Dorringtori,  and  sets 
forth  the  local  news  of  its  section  in  an  attractive  manner* 
The  Free  Press  is  owned  and  edited  by  Samuel  Purely,  Jr.  It 
is  an  interesting  journal,  conducted  with  marked  ability,  and 
has  clone  much  to  bring  to  notice  the  resources  of  Yuma  county. 
Yuma's  situation  at  the  junction  of  the  two  largest  streams  in 
the  Territory,  the  rich  mining  country  which  lies  to  the  north 
and  east  of  it,  and  its  unrivaled  climate  for  those  troubled  with 
lung  diseases,  will  always  insure  its  permanency  and  prosperity. 

MINERAL  PAKK. 

Mineral  Park,  the  county  seat  of  Mohave  county,  is  situated 
on  an  elevated  bench,  on  the  western  slope  of  the  Cerbat  range, 
30  miles  east  of  the  Colorado  river,  and  about  150  miles  north- 
west of  Prescott.  The  town  is  built  mostly  of  adobe.  It  is 
the  center  of  a  rich  mineral  region.  It  was  founded  in  1871, 
and  contains  three  stores,  one  hotel,  one  restaurant,  one  black- 
smith shop,  one  public  school,  and  four  saloons.  It  does  a 
thriving  trade  with  the  surrounding  mining  camps.  The  line 
of  the  thirty-fifth  parallel  railroad  passes  about  ten  miles  east 
of  the  town.  Present  population  about  300. 

FINAL. 

Pinal,  a  prosperous  town  in  the  county  of  the  same  name,  is 
situated  on  Queen  creek,  about  thirty-five  miles  north-east  of 
Florence.  The  town  is  built  of  wood  and  a  light-colored  ba- 
saltic rock,  which  is  found  in  abundance  in  the  vicinity,  and 
which  gives  the  towrn  a  permanent  and  substantial  appearance. 
The  place  has  several  large  stores,  two  hotels,  one  bank  (a 
handsome  structure  of  stone),  restaurants,  saloons,  blacksmith 
shops,  and  all  the  other  branches  of  trade  which  are  found  in 
a  prosperous  mining  town.  Pinal  has  one  church,  and  a  public 
school  which  is  well  attended.  The  Pinal  Drill  is  published 
here  once  a  week  by  J.  D.  Keymert.  It  is  a  live  journal,  full 
of  the  local  and  general  news  of  its  section.  The  Odd  Fellows 
have  a  fine  hall  and  a  flourishing  organization  in  Pinal.  The 
mill  of  the  Silver  King  mining  company  is  situated  at  this 
point,  and  many  productive  mines  in  the  vicinity  make  Piual  a 
growing  and  prosperous  town.  Population  about  GOO. 


32  THE  RESOURCES  OF  ARIZONA. 

HARSHAW. 

Harshaw  is  lively  mining  camp,  situated  in  the  northern 
spurs  of  the  Patagonia  mountains.  It  is  built  principally  of 
wood.  It  has  several  mercantile  establishments,  who  do  a 
flourishing  trade  with  Sonora  and  the  adjacent  mining  camps. 
It  has  a  population  of  about  600.  The  fine  mill  of  the  Her- 
mosa  mining  company  is  located  at  this  point.  The  place  is 
about  seventy  miles  south-west  from  Tucson.  The  town  has  a, 
delightful  situation,  surrounded  by  the  oak-covered  hills  of  the 
Patagonia  range.  It  »is  the  center  of  a  rich  and  extensive 
mineral  region,  and  is  destined  to  be  a  place  of  importance. 

SILVER  KING. 

Among  the  other  towns  of  note  in  the  Territory,  may  be  men- 
tioned Silver  King,  which  has  been  built  up  around  the 
famous  mine  of  the  same  name.  It  is  situated  about  five  miles 
from  the  town  of  Final,  and  is  a  thriving  mining  camp,  having 
three  stores,  two  hotels,  and  several  saloons.  Population 
about  250. 

CHARLESTON. 

Charleston,  in  Cachise  county,  is  situated  on  the  San  Pedro 
.river,  about  nine  miles  west  of  Tornbstorie.  At  this  point  are 
located  the  reduction  works  of  the  Tombstone  Milling  and  Min- 
ing Company.  The  town  has  four  stores,  two  hotels,  besides 
blacksmith  shops,  saloons,  etc.  It  is  on  the  main  road  to  So- 
nora, and  does  a  large  trade  with  that  State.  The  population 
of  the  town  is  about  300. 

GALEYVILLE. 

Galeyville  is  a  lively  mining  town,  situated  on  Turkey  creek, 
on  the  eastern  slope  of  the  Chiricahua  mountains.  It  is  twenty 
miles  south  of  the  Southern  Pacific  railroad,  and  thirteen  miles 
west  of  the  New  Mexican  line.  It  has  a  beautiful  situation, 
surrounded  by  groves  of  oak.  The  town  was  laid  out  in  No- 
vember, 1880,  and  has  a  population  of  about  400.  There  are 
six  stores,  four  restaurants,  two  blacksmith  shops,  two  feed  and 
livery  stables,  three  butcher  shops,  thirteen  saloons,  barber, 
boot  and  shoe  shop,  etc.  The  town  is  surrounded  by  a  rich 
mineral  belt,  and  promises  to  become  a  place  of  importance. 
The  country  in  the  vicinity  has  an  abundance  of  wood,  water, 
and  fine  grasses. 

ST.  JOHNS. 

St.  Johns,  the  county  seat  of  Apache  county,  is  situated  on 
the  Little  Colorado  river,  about  two  hundred  miles  in  a  direct 
line  east  of  Prescott,  and  about  twenty  miles  west  of  the  bound- 
ary line  of  New  Mexico.  It  is  in  the  center  of  a  rich  agricul- 
tural and  grazing  region,  contains  a  population  of  700  souls/ a 
large  portion  being  Mexicans.  The  town  is  on  the  direct  road 
from  Fort  Wingate  to  Fort  Apache,  and  about  forty  miles  south 
of  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific  railroad.  A  large  and  commodious 
court-house  has  recently  been  erected.  The  town  does  a  large 


MINING  RESOURCES.  33 

trade  in  grain  and  wool,  and  has  four  stores,  saloons,  black- 
smith shops,  etc. 

SAFFORD. 

Safford,  the  county  seat  of  Graham  county,  is  on  Ihe  Gila 
river,  near  Camp  Thomas,  and  in  the  center  of  that  rich  farm- 
ing region  known  as  the  Pueblo  Viejo.  The  town  is  steadily 
growing,  has  a  population  of  about  300,  and  has  a  large  trade 
with  the  agricultural  region  which  surrounds  it.  It  contains 
several  stores,  a  hotel,  saloons,  etc.  With  its  unrivaled  farm- 
ing and  grazing  resources,  Safford  is  destined  to  become  a  large 
town. 


MINING  RESOURCES. 

The  very  name  of  "  Arizona"  is  suggestive  of  streams  yellow 
with  golden  sands,  and  mountains  glittering  with  virgin  silver. 
Popular  belief  has  long  considered  this  region  as  a  synonym 
for  marvelous  mineral  wealth,  and  long  before  that  wealth  was 
proved  to  have  an  existence,  tradition  and  story  had  woven 
about  the  name  a  glamour  of  golden  fancies,  which  modern  en- 
terprise and  modern  energy  are  at  last  about  to  turn  into  solid 
facts.  The  first  mention  of  the  Territory  in  history  is  con- 
nected with  the  search  for  the  treasures  supposed  to  be  col- 
lected in  the  Cities  of  the  Bull;  but  although  the  expedition  did 
not  result  so  successfully  as  a  similar  one  in  an  earlier  age, 
which  sought  and  found  the  Golden  Fleece,  it  was  indirectly 
the  means  of  leading  to  the  discovery  of  the  buried  treasures 
which  underlie  the  mountains  and  valleys  of  this  wonderful 
land.  The  hardy  adventurers  who  followed  Coronado  little 
dreamed  that  the  mountains,  plains,  and  mesas,  which  they 
passed  over  in  their  wearisome  journey  to  "  Cibola,"  contained 
riches,  which  would  make  the  fabulous  wealth  of  the  Moquis 
cities  appear  mean  and  insignificant.  It  has  remained,  how- 
ever, for  a  later  age  and  another  race  to  bring  to  light  this  vast 
wealth,  and  send  it  forth  to  benefit  mankind,  and  enlarge  and 
enrich  the  trade  and  commerce  of  the  globe.  The  Territory 
of  Arizona  .is  one  vast  mineral  field;  from  the  line  of  Utah 
on  the  north,  to  the  Mexican  border  on  the  south,  and  from 
the  Colorado  of  the  west,  to  the  boundary  of  New  Mexico, 
mineral  is  found  in  nearly  every  mountain  range,  and  in  every 
isolated  peak.  Nowhere  on  the  continent  is  there  such  an  ex- 
tensive distribution  of  the  precious  metals.  While  in  other 
mineral-bearing  States  and  Territories  the  deposits  are  confined 
to  certain  well-defined  limits,  in  Arizona  no  such  distinction 
prevails.  It  would  appear  as  if  nature  had  here,  in,  a  prodigal 
mood,  scattered  her  treasures  with  a  lavish  hand,  and  neglected 
no  portion  of  her  chosen  mineral  domain. 

In  the  richness  and  variety  of  its  ores,  Arizona  is  also  distin- 
guished from  the  mining  regions  of  the  west.  This  predomi- 
nating feature  of  the  country  was  noted  at  an  early  period  in  its 
3 


34  THE  RESOURCES  OF  ARIZONA. 

history.  No  mining  State  or  Territory  has  yielded  such  masses 
of  pure  silver,  and  few  have  equaled  the  wonderful  gold  de- 
posits of  Antelope  Hill.  To  Arizona  belongs  the  honor  of 
producing  the  largest  nugget  of  native  silver  ever  found — 
2,700  pounds.  This  mass  of  pure  metal  was  confiscated  by  Philip 
V.,  and  taken  to  Madrid.  The  mine  was  also  declared  govern- 
ment property,  but  it  does  not  appear  that  the  royal  robber 
ever  derived  much  benefit  from  it.  The  many  rare  and  beauti- 
ful combinations  in  which  silver  is  found  make  Arizona  the 
favorite  field  of  the  mineralogist,  while  the  ease  and  simplicity 
by  which  these  ores  are  reduced  commends  itself  to  investors 
and  to  metallurgists  alike.  Pure  native  silver,  chlorides,  ruby 
silver,  bromides,  silver  glance,  sulphides,  carbonates,  and  sul- 
phurets  are  the  most  generally  distributed  of  the  silver  ores, 
but  there  are  many  other  varieties  peculiar  to  the  Territory, 
which  space  will  not  permit  to  mention  here.  Gold  is  most 
generally  found  in  its  matrix  of  quartz.  It  sometimes  occurs 
in  conjunction  with  pyrites  of  iron,  copper,  and  lead,  and  is  met 
with  in  its  pure  state  in  creeks  and  gulches  in  all  portions  of 
the  Territory.  Copper  is  found  in  red  and  black  oxides,  as  a 
green  and  blue  carbonate,  sometimes  as  a  sulphate,  and  often 
in  its  native  state.  Silver  ores  in  Arizona,  which  assay  into 
the  thousands,  are  of  common  occurrence,  and  create  no  com- 
ment. Large  quantities  of  ore  going  from  $5,000  to  $10,000 
per  ton,  have  been  shipped  from  the  Territory,  and  several 
mines  are  steadily  producing  "rock"  that  will  go  from  $15,000 
to  $20,000  per  ton.  These  are  simple  facts  which  can  not  be 
gainsayed. 

Probably  no  portion  of  the  mining  domain  possesses  so  many 
natural  advantages  for  the  successful  working  of  ores.  Wood 
and  water  are  abundant  in  nearly  all  of  the  mineral-bearing 
mountain  ranges,  and  in  places  where  water  is  scarce  at  the 
surface,  a  sufficient  quantity  is  found  by  sinking  a  short  dis- 
tance. The  climate  of  the  country  can  not  be  excelled.  Work 
can  be  prosecuted  all  the  year  round.  While  mountains  of 
snow  and  intense  cold  retard  operations  in  other  States  and 
Territories,  Arizona's  equable  climate  is  specially  adapted  to 
out-door  operations,  even  in  the  middle  of  winter.  This  fact 
alone  is  worthy  the  careful  consideration  of  men  desiring  min- 
ing investments.  The  old  shafts  and  tunnels  which  have  been 
discovered  in  various  parts  of  the  Territory,  show  that  the 
Spanish  explorers  and  the  early  missionaries  had  proven  tbe 
richness  of  Arizona  mines,  an$  had,  in  their  crude  way,  worked 
them  successfully.  The  almost  indisputable  evidence  which  an 
earlier  race  of  miners  have  left  in  several  of  the  gold-bearing 
streams  of  the  Territory,  proves  conclusively  that  the  people 
who  once  occupied  this  land,  and  whose  origin  is  lost  in  the 
mists  of  conjecture,  delved  for  the  precious  metals  in  this 
region — at  once  the  oldest  and  the  newest  portion  of  the  Amer- 
ican Union.  The  same  difficulties  which  obstructed  the  opera- 
tions of  Toltec  and  Spaniard  has  also  stood  in  the  path  of  their 
Anglo-Saxon  successors.  Isolation  and  savagery  have  retarded 


MINING  RESOURCES.  35 

Arizona's  development.     These  two  words  express  the  can 
which  have  prevented  the  country's  advancement,  and  deprived 
her  of  the  position  which  she  is  soon   destined  to  attain — the 
leading  bullion-producer  on  the  globe. 

But  now  that  the  savage  has  succumbed  to  his  destiny,  and 
the  mountains  and  valleys  which  once  resounded  with  his  war- 
whoop,  re-echo  the  music  of  civilized  industry;  now  that  the 
Demon  of  Isolation,  whose  shadow  hung  like  a  funeral  pall 
over  the  land,  has  been  driven  to  more  distant  fields  by  tho 
shriek  of  the  locomotive,  Arizona  is  rapidly  coming  to  the  front 
as  the  most  promising  mineral  region  in  all  North  America. 
An  army  of  prospectors  are  swarming  through  her  valleys 
and  mountains;  new  discoveries  are  constantly  being  made; 
mills  and  furnaces  are  going  up;  the  yield  of  bullion  is  steadily 
on  the  increase;  capital  is  seeking  investment;  railroads  are 
penetrating  in  every  direction,  and  henceforth  the  career  of 
Arizona  is  to  be  onward  and  upward.  The  scope  of  this 
•work  will  not  admit  of  a  detailed  or  elaborate  description 
of  every  mining  district  in  the  Territory.  It  is  believed,  how- 
ever, that  in  the  following  brief  summary  of  the  leading  camps, 
enough  will  have  been  shown  to  prove  all  that  we  have  claimed 
for  the  richness  and  extent  of  the  mineral  field;  the  natural 
appliances  for  the  .reduction  of  ores,  and  the  unrivaled  op- 
portunities which  the  country  presents  for  the  investment  of 
capital. 

CACHISE  COUNTY. 

In  the  fall  of  1877,  Mr.  A.  E.  Sheiffelin,  an  active  and  indus- 
trious-prospector, was  stopping  at  Camp  Huachuca.  He  made 
frequent  trips  into  the  hills  now  embraced  within  the  limits  of 
Tombstone,  searching  assiduously  for  "float"  and  "crop- 
pings."  Bands  of  renegade  Indians  roamed  in  the  country 
east  of  the  San  Pedro  at  that  time,  and  the  whole  region,  which 
had  once  been  the  chosen  ground  of  the  famous  Cachise  and 
his  band,  was  marked  with  the  graves  of  white  victims,  who  had 
been  murdered  within  its  "  dark  and  bloody  ground."  Sheiffe- 
lin was  admonished  that  he  would  find  a  "  tombstone,"  instead 
of  a  "  bonanza,"  beyond  the  San  Pedro,  arid  would  add  another 
to  the  many  who  found  bloody  graves  among  its  lonely  hills. 
The  indomitable  prospector  paid  no  heed  to  these  warnings,  and 
his  pluck  and  energy  met  with  their  just  reward.  In  February, 
1878,  he  discovered  the  Lucky  Cuss,  Tough  Nut,  and  other 
mines  which  have  since  attained  a  national  reputation.  In  remem- 
brance of  the  solemn  joke,  he  named  the  district  "  Tombstone." 
The  great  richness  and  extent  of  the  new  discoveries  soon 
spread  far  and  wide,  and  thousands  rushed  to  the  Silverado  of 
the  south-west.  An  army  of  prospectors  swarmed  over  the 
hills,  many  other  valuable  discoveries  were  made,  a  city  sprung 
up  as  if  by  magic,  mills  and  hoisting-works  were  erected,  bull- 
ion began  to  find  its  way  out  of  the  camp,  and  to-day,  a  little 
more  than  three  years  after  its  discovery,  Tombstone  can  show 
a  population  of  7,000  souls,  and  is  one  of  the  most  prosperous 
mining  camps  in  the  western  country. 


36  THE  RESOURCES  OF  ARIZONA. 

As  near  as  can  be  ascertained,  the  mineral  belt  of  Tombstone 
extends  nearly  eight  miles  east  and  west,  and  about  five  miles 
north  and  south.  On  the  western  edge  of  the  district,  along 
the  San  Pedro  river,  silver  had  been  discovered  as  far  back  as 
1859,  but  the  hostility  of  the  Indians  prevented  any  develop- 
ment. The  country  in  which  the  mines  of  Tombstone  are  sit- 
uated may  be  described  as  a  series  of  rolling  hills,  which  have 
a  gradual  ascent  until  they  merge  into  the  Mule  mountains  on 
the  south,  and  stretch  away  in  an  undulating  plain  to  the 
Dragoon  range  on  the  north.  The  geological  formation  of  the 
district  presents  many  features  worthy  of  study.  Porphyry  ap- 
pears to  be  the  predominating  rock,  though  a  capping  of  lirne 
overlies  the  leading  mines  of  the  camp.  Quartzite  is  found 
everywhere,  and  a  granitic  formation  is  met  with  on  the  west- 
ern edge  of  the  district.  As  depth  is  attained,  the  surface  lime 
disappears  and  porphyry  and  quartzite  constitute  the  country 
rock.  A  notable  feature  of  the  Tombstone  mines  is  the  size  of 
the  veins  and  the  ease  with  which  the  ore  is  reduced.  The  silver 
occurs  as  a  chloride  with  very  little  base  combinations,  and  can 
be  worked  by  pan  process,  to  90  per  cent,  and  upwards.  The 
cost  of  extraction  is  merely  nominal,  and  the  facilities  for  re- 
duction are  all  that  could  be  desired.  The  present  output  of 
bullion  is  over  $500,000  per  month,  from  140  stamps.  This 
yield  is  being  steadily  increased,  and  valuable  paying  properties 
are  being  added  to  the  list  of  bullion  producers  every  month. 
It  is  estimated  that  the  bullion  yield  for  the  present  year  will 
amount  to  $7,000,000.  This  is  a  good  showing  for  a  camp  a 
little  over  three  years  old,  which  did  not  drop  a  stamp  until 
June,  1879.  The  daily  output  of  ore  at  the  present  time  is 
about  500  tons.  Fourteen  of  the  leading  mines  have  complete 
hoisting-works  with  the  latest  improved  machinery.  Water  has 
been  struck  in  several  claims  at  a  depth  of  between  500  and  600 
feet,  but  the  inflow  is  as  yet  very  light,  and  no  difficulty  is  experi- 
enced in  getting  rid  of  it.  There  are  over  3,OCO  locations  in 
Tombstone  district.  In  this  brief  sketch  there  are  doubtless 
many  promising  properties  deserving  of  notice  besides  those 
mentioned,  but  space  will  not  admit  of  a  separate  description 
of  each. 

The  Tombstone  Gold  and  Silver  Mining  Company  own  the 
Lucky  Cuss,  the  East  Side,  Tribute,  and  Owl's  Nest.  This 
group  constitutes  one  of  the  most  valuable  properties  in  the 
district.  The  Tough  Nut,  the  leading  mine,  is  thoroughly 
opened  by  shafts,  drifts,  winzes,  and  open  cuts.  Immense  ore 
bodies,  sometimes  20  feet  in  width,  are  met  with.  The  ore  is 
found  in  spar  and  quartz,  and  is  said  to  average  $100  per  ton. 
The  company  have  two  mills  on  the  San  Pedro,  one  of  10  and 
another  of  20  stamps.  It  has  paid  dividends  from  the  start, 
and  has  a  large  surplus  on  hand.  This  is  the  first  organized 
company  in  the  district.  It  employs>  about  125  men,  and  its 
production  of  bullion  up  to  date,  is  said  to  be  about  $1,000,000. 
The  Grand  Central  Company's  property  is  embraced  in  a  claim 
1500  feet  in  length  and  GOO  feet  in  width.  It  is  incorporated 


MINING  RESOURCES.  37 

under  the  laws  of  Ohio,  with  a  capital  of  $10,000,000,  divided 
into  100,000  shares.  It  is  a  magnificent  property.  The  vein  is 
from  8  to  12  feet  wide,  and  runs  from  $80  to  $100  per  ton. 
The  main  shaft  is  down  500  feet,  with  three  levels— 500,  1100, 
and  600  feet,  respectively.  The  reduction  works  consist  of  80 
stamps  on  the  San  Pedro,  which  are  kept  constantly  at  work. 
While  only  in  operation  a  few  months,  it  is  estimated  that 
£500, 000  has  already  been  produced,  Regular  dividends  are 
declared,  and  the  property  is  steadily  increasing  in  value  as 
depth  is  reached.  The  Western  Company  own  the  Contention, 
one  of  the  first  locations  in  the  district,  which  has  produced 
a  large  amount  of  bullion.  The  property  joins  the  Grand 
Central  on  the  north.  The  writer  was  not  permitted  to  see  the 
mine,  and  therefore  can  say  nothing  definite  about  its  present 
condition. 

l*he  Girard  has  a  shaft  400  feet  in  depth  and  a  vein  from  4 
to  6  feet  in  width.  The  ore  is  of  high  grade  and  has  milled 
$100  per  ton.  The  property  is  incorporated  in  Jersey  City  with 
a  capital  of  $2,000,000,  divided  into  200,000  shares.  The  com- 
pany have  put  up  tine  hoisting-works  and  will  soon  have  a  mill 
in  operation  on  the  San  Pedro.  The  Head  Center  embraces 
1,300  feet  in  length  and  500  feet  in  width.  It  is  incorporated 
under  the  laws  of  the  State  of  California  with  a  capital  of  $10,- 
000,000,  in  200,000  shares.  The  vein  averages  from  4  to  8  feet, 
yielding  about  $70  per  ton,  about  45  per  cent,  of  the  bullion 
being  gold.  The  company  own  a  10-stamp  mill  near  Conten- 
tion City.  The  main  shaft  is  down  600  feet.  The  first  level  is 
500  feet,  the  second  400,  and  the  third  500.  Hoisting  machin- 
ery of  the  most  improved  pattern  has  been  erected.  The  Vi- 
zina  is  incorporated  under  the  laws  of  the  State  of  New  York 
on  a  basis  of  $5,000,000  and  50,000  shares.  The  mine  is 
opened  by  three  shafts,  the  deepest  being  about  400  feet.  It 
is  the  intention  of  the  company  to  erect  a  mill  at  an  early  day. 
Meanwhile  the  mine  is  being  thoroughly  opened.  Over  $200,- 
000  has  already  been  taken  out  from  ore  worked  in  a  custom 
mill.  Fine  hoisting  machinery  has  been  erected,  and  the  work 
of  development  is  pushed  forward  steadily.  The  Empire  is 
bounded  on  the  south  by  the  Sulphuret  and  the  Girard.  It  is 
incorporated  under  the  laws  of  Massachusetts.  The  main  shaft 
is  down  450  feet  and  has  struck  a  large  body^of  high-grade  ore. 
A  hoisting  engine,  with  a  capacity  to  sink  1,200  feet,  has  been 
put  up,  and  this  valuable  property  is  being  thoroughly  opened. 
The  Sulphuret  adjoins  the  Empire  and  the  Head  Center.  It 
is  incorporated,  under  the  laws  of  Pennsylvania.  Its  main 
shaft  is  down  600  feet.  It  has  a  fine  location;  has  first-class 
hoisting-works,  and  is  being  opened  in  a  systematic  manner. 
The  Bob  Ingersoll,  one  of  the  most  valuable  claims  in  the  dis- 
trict, shows  5  feet  of  ore  that  will  mill  $100  per  ton.  It  has  a 
shaft  down  200  feet,  and  is  steadily  improving  as  it  is  being 
sunk  upon.  This  mine  is  incorporated.  The  Sydney  is  a  fine- 
looking  property  with  a  vein  12  feet  wide,  4  feet  of  which  is 
ore  that  goes  from  $50  to  $100  per  ton.  The  mine  is  owned  by 


38  THE  RESOURCES  OF  ARIZONA. 

San  Francisco  parties.  The  Grand  Central  South  has  a  shaft 
250  feet  in  depth.  It  is  a  large  vein  adjoining  the  Grand 
Central,  and  is  considered  by  many  the  coming  mine  of  the 
camp.  It  is  incorporated  in  San  Francisco. 

The  Tranquillity  joins  the  Empire  and  the  Girard  on  the  west. 
It  has  expensive  hoisting-works,  and  is  showing  some  very  fine 
ore.  None  of  the  stock  of  this  mine  is  on  the  market.  The 
Flora  Morrison  is  bounded  on  the  east  by  the  Grand  Central. 
It  is  incorporated  under  the  laws  of  Pennsylvania;  250,000 
shares,  $2  per  share.  It  has  a  shaft  300  feet  deep,  besides 
drifts,  cross-cuts,  and  winzes,  and  is  showing  fine  ore.  The 
Way  Up  has  a  shaft  300  feet,  and  is  producing  ore  of  a  high 
grade.  It  is  incorporated  in  New  York;  150,000  shares,  $10 
per  share.  The  Lucky  Cuss,  one  of  the  first  locations  in  the 
district,  has  a  shaft  300  feet,  and  over  500  feet  of  drifts  and 
cross-cuts.  It  has  produced  some  of  the  richest  ore  ever  t^ken 
out  in  the  camp,  and  yielded  about  $50,000.  The  Sunset,  south 
of  the  Lucky  Cuss,  has  produced  over  $50,000.  The  Wedge 
shows  a  vein  3  feet  wide,  of  high-grade  ore.  It  has  a  shaft  100 
feet  deep,  which  is  steadily  pushed  downwards.  The  mine  is 
incorporated.  The  Gilded  Age  adjoins  the  Goodenough,  and 
embraces  a  large  portion  of  the  town  site.  It  has  one  shaft 
down  100  feet,  which  has  produced  rich  ore.  The  Mountain 
Maid  has  a  vein  from  2  to  4  feet,  and  runs  from  $50  to  $300  per 
ton.  It  has  3  shafts,  the  deepest  being  200  feet.  Like  the 
Gilded  Age,  it  extends  across  the  town  site.  Among  the  many 
other  claims  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  town,  may  be 
mentioned  the  Cincinnati,  Grand  Dipper,  Naumkeg,  Hawkeye, 
Plum,  Eattlesnake,  Wide  West,  Topaz,  Omega,  Omaha,  Alpha, 
Prompter,  Sunrise,  Parallel,  Little  Wonder,  Revenue,  Survey, 
Defense,  and  hundreds  of  others  worthy  of  mention  here  if  the 
space  permitted.  Many  of  these  claims  are  steadily  and  surely 
developing  into  fine  paying  properties. 

In  the  western  portion  of  the  district  are  several  well-defined 
and  valuable  mines  showing  rich  ore  and  large  veins.  The  fol- 
lowing are  the  most  prominent:  Owl's  Nest,  carrying  3  feet  of 
ore  that  goes  from  $50  to  $80  per  ton.  This  claim  has  3  shafts, 
the  deepest  being  100  feet.  It  is  owned  by  the  Tombstone 
Mining  Company.  The  Junietta  has  a  2-foot  vein  assaying 
$150  per  ton.  The  deepest  shaft  is  100  feet.  The  Silver  Bell 
has  a  shaft  50  feet,  and  carries  ore  worth  $100  per  ton.  The 
Stonewall  has  a  large  ore  body  that  has  yielded  $75  per  ton.  It 
has  a  shaft  120  feet.  The  Monitor  is  a  6-foot  vein  of  free-mill- 
ing ore,  going  $40  per  ton,  with  a  shaft  120  feet,  in  a  granite 
formation.  The  Merrimac  has  4  feet  of  ore  that  has  milled  $60. 
It  has  two  shafts  60  feet  each,  and  one  40  feet..  Both  these 
churns  belong  to  the  Monitor  Mining  Company,  an  Eastern  in- 
corporation. The  True  Blue  is  a  2-foot  vein  of  $100  ore,  with 
a  shaft  200  feet.  The  Lucknow  has  a  shaft  50  feet,  and  has  ore 
that  averages  $50  per  ton.  The  Delhi,  Miami,  Franklin,  Ran- 
dolph, Red  Top,  Argenta,  Three  Brothers,  and  many  others,  are 
in  this  neighborhood,  and  are  well  worthy  of  notice. 


MINING  RESOURCES.  39 

Three  miles  from  tbe  San  Pedro,  is  another  group  of  mines 
which  are  producing  remarkably  rich  ore.  The  Bradshaw,  in 
its  bullion  yield  and  development,  is  the  best  known  of  these 
claims.  It  is  a  large  vein,  carrying  ore  that  works  from  $80  to 
$100  per  ton.  It  has  been  sunk  to  a  depth  of  400  feet;  has 
improved  hoisting  machinery,  and  has  already  produced  nearly 
$50,000.  It  is  owned  by  an  incorporated  company  in  San 
Francisco.  A  10-stamp  mill  is  nearly  completed,  and  the  mine 
promises  to  be  one  of  the  regular  bullion-producers  of  the  dis- 
trict. The  Alkey  is  a  4-foot  vein,  producing  ore  worth  $100  per 
ton.  It  has  a  50-foot  shaft.  The  Bronkow,  the  first  location 
in  the  district,  is  a  vein  6  feet  wide.  It  has  a  shaft  GO  feet 
deep.  Continual  litigation  has  retarded  the  development  of 
this  property.  In  this  necessarily  brief  resume,  full  justice  can 
not  be  done  to  the  immense  silver  veins  of  Tombstone  district. 
The  salient  points  only  have  been  given;  but  to  have  a  proper 
conception  of  the  size,  richness,  and  extent  of  the  veins  in  this 
wonderful  camp,  a  personal  examination  is  necessary.  It  is 
safe  to  say  that  nowhere  on  the  coast  have  there  been  found  ore 
bodies  larger,  richer,  or  more  extensive.  There  are  hundreds 
of  fine  prospects  as  yet  undeveloped,  which  give  every  indica- 
tion of  being  valuable,  and  which  offer  admirable  opportunities 
for  investment. 

CALIFORNIA  DISTRICT  is  situated  in  the  Chiricahua  mountains, 
twenty  miles  south  of  the  Southern  Pacific  railroad,  near  the 
New  Mexican  line.  The.  country  is  well  wooded,  and  water  is 
abundant.  A  thriving  camp  has  sprung  up,  and  many  rich  and 
valuable  mines  have  been  discovered.  The  ores  are  generally 
smelting,  carrying  much  horn  silver.  The  veins  are  large  and 
well  denned.  Its  proximity  to  the  railroad  and  its  abundance 
of  ore,  make  Galeyville  one  of  the  most  promising  camps  in 
Cachise  county.  The  following  are  among  the  leading  mines 
of  the  district:  The  Texas,  the  principal  mine  of  the  camp  and 
the  first  discovered,  is  a  large  vein  from  4  to  30  feet  wide.  The 
ore  is  a  galena  and  chlorides,  and  averages  about  $40  per  ton. 
A  shaft  300  feet,  and  3  tunnels,  250,  3D,  and  40  feet,  respect- 
ively, expose  large  ore  bodies.  A  30-ton  smelter  has  been 
erected  and  is  now  fairly  under  way.  The  Texas  Milling  and 
Mining  Company  are  the  owners  of  the  property,  which  in- 
cludes ten  other  mines  in  the  same  group.  The  Continental 
shows  2  feet  of  ore,  assaying  $100  per  ton,  principally  chlorides 
and  bromides.  It  has  a  shaft  60  feet  and  a  cut  30  feet.  The 
Cashier  shows  4  to  6  feet  of  ore,  and  assays  from  $30  to  $200 
per  ton.  There  are  many  other  claims  in  this  district  looking 
well  and  producing  good  ore,  which  must  be  omitted  here,  but 
which  are  well  worthy  inspection  by  those  who  are  desirous  of 
investing  in  desirable  mining  properties. 

TURQUOISE  DISTRICT. — This  district  is  situated  about  18  miles 
north-east  from  Tombstone,  at  the  southern  end  of  the  Dra- 
goon mountains.  There  is  plenty  of  water,  and  sufficient  wood 
to  last  for  years.  The  ores  are  smelting,  easily  reduced,  and 
running  from  $40  to  $300  per  ton,  with  an  average  of  about 


40  THE  RESOURCES  OF  ARIZONA. 

$80.  The  Mono  mine  shows  a  vein  from  2  to  6  feet  wide.  It 
is  a  carbonate  ore,  which  will  smelt  readily.  Assays  go  about 
$80  per  ton,  on  an  average.  The  mine  is  opened  by  about  500 
feet  of  shafts  and  drifts,  and  shows  fine  ore  in  every  opening. 
It  is  owned  by  a  New  York  company.  The  Defiance  and  the 
Dragoon  claims  are  also  owned  by  New  York  parties.  The 
former  shows  from  2  to  20  feet  of  carbonate  ore,  which  will 
average  about  $80  per  ton.  There  are  several  hundred  tons  on 
the  dump.  Reduction  works  will  soon  be  erected  on  Jthis 
property.  The  Dragoon  has  a  60-foot  shaft  showing  a  4-foot 
vein  that  goes  about  $80.  The  Bell  is  the  south  extension  of 
the  Defiance.  It  is  a  4- foot  vein,  looking  well.  The  Challenge 
and  the  Tom  Scott  are  also  very  promising  veins,  with  ore  that 
goes  $75  per  ton.  The  Star  and  Bodie  claims  are  two  of  the 
best  properties  in  the  district.  The  Star  has  a  shaft  about  60 
feet  deep,  all  the  way  in  ore  that  runs  about  $60  in  silver  and 
$12  in  gold  per  ton.  The  Bodie  has  a  70-foot  shaft,  with  a 
2-foot  ledge  that  averages  $80  per  ton  in  silver.  With  its  favor- 
able surroundings  and  fine  ore  bodies,  Turquoise  is  destined  to 
become  a  prosperous  camp. 

Dos  CABEZAS  or  "Two  Heads"  district  is  situated  in  the 
Chiricahua  range,  in  the  north-eastern  portion  of  Cachise 
county.  Its  ores  are  gold-bearing,  carrying  some  silver,  and 
its  ledges  are  large.  It  is  favorably  situated  near  the  line  of 
the  Southern  Pacific  railroad,  and  has  plenty  of  wood  and 
water.  The  following  are  the  principal  mines  in  the  district: 
Silver  Cave  has  three  veins,  7,  5,  and  3  feet  wide,  respectively. 
The  yield  per  ton  has  been  $35.  Several  shafts,  drifts,  and 
other  openings  have  been  made  on  this  claim,  and  nearly  $5,000 
has  been  taken  from  it,  the  ore  being  worked  in  arrastras  run 
by  steam.  The  Juniper  is  a  (5-foot  vein,  carrying  gold  and  sil- 
ver. The  ore  assays  $150  per  ton.  About  $6,000  has  been  taken 
from  this  mine,  the  ore  being  worked  in  arrastras.  The  Silver 
Cave  South,  has  4  feet  of  ore  that  assajrs  $50  per  ton,  and  has 
several  openings.  The  Galena  Chief  shows  3  feet  of  ore,  assaying 
$50  per  ton.  The  Murphy  is  a  4-foot  vein,  averaging  $50  per 
ton.  The  Bear  Cave  has  nearly  4  feet  of  ore  that  goes  $80  per 
ton.  The  Greenhorn  is  also  a  4-foot  ledge,  running  $50  per 
ton.  There  are  many  other  promising  prospects  in  this  camp 
well  worthy  of  mention.  With  the  erection  of  a  10-stamp  mill, 
which  is  already  on  the  road,  Dos  'Cabezas  will  give  a  good 
account  of  itself. 

SWISHELM  DISTRICT. — This  district  is  situated  in  the  Pedro- 
gosa  mountains,  in  the  south-east  corner  of  Cachise  county. 
Its  ores  are  a  carbonate.  The  veins  are  large,  and  the  facilities 
at  hand  for  smelting,  good.  A  St.  Louis  company  is  now 
operating  in  the  district  with  satisfactory  results. 

HARTFORD  DISTRICT. — This  district  is  situated  in  the  southern 
end  of  the  Huachuca  mountains.  It  has  abundance  of  fine 
water,  and  some  of  the  best  pine  timber  in  the  Territory. 
Most  of  the  lumber  for  Tombstone  comes  from  this  point.  The 
ores  are  a  copper  and  a  carbonate  of  silver,  assaying  from  $15 


MINING  HESOUllCES.  41 

to  $60  in  copper,  and  from  $20  to  $80  in  silver.  Some  very  fine 
properties  have  been  opened  up.  The  Undine,  Mountain 
View,  Lone  Star,  and  IXL,  are  the  principal  mines.  Sev- 
eral sales  have  been  made,  and  with  the  unsurpassed  advan- 
tages of  wood,  water,  and  magnificent  climate,  Hartford  dis- 
trict is  certain  to  become  an  important  mining  center.  There 
are  several  other  points  in  the  Huachuca  range  that  show  fine 
prospects,  and  also  in  the  Whetstone  mountains,  west  of  Tomb- 
stone. 

Copper. — Besides  its  veins  of  silver  and  gold,  Cachise  county 
has  also  some  of  the  largest  and  most  valuable  copper  mines  to 
be  found  in  the  Territory.  At  Bisbee,  some  twenty  miles  south  of 
Tombstone,  are  found  some  of  the  richest  copper  mines  in  the 
United  States.  The  veins  are  large,  the  grade  high,  and  the  ap- 
pliances at  hand  for  reduction  can  not  be  excelled.  The  mines  are 
about  sixty  miles  from  the  railroad  at  Benson,  and  about  twenty 
miles  from  the  Sonora  line.  The  Copper  Queen,  the  leading 
mine  of  the  camp,  is  an  immense  mountain  of  ore.  It  has  been 
explored  160  feet  in  length  by  150  in  depth,  and  120  feet  in  width, 
and  as  far  as  the  explorations  have  extended,  rich  ore  has  been 
encountered  everywhere.  The  claim  is  1,500  feet  long,  and  GOO 
feet  wide.  Two  30-ton  smelters  are  kept  running  steadily,  and 
the  daily  output  is  about  13  tons  of  pure  copper.  The  ore  is  a* 
carbonate  and  a  black  and  red  oxide,  and  averages  about  22 
per  cent.  The  claim  has  been  opened  by  700  feet  of  shafts, 
drifts,  and  cross-cuts,  and  has  already  yielded  over  $600,000 
worth  of  copper.  The  property  is  owned  by  an  incorporated 
company,  with  headquarters  in  New  York.  The  Neptune 
company  own  nine  claims,  the  most  prominent  of  which  is  the 
Neptune,  which  shows  ore  going  24  per  cent.  This  company 
are  making  preparations  to  erect  a  smelter  on  the  San  Pedro 
river,  fifteen  miles  distant.  The  Twilight  shows  a  6-foot  vein  of 
red  oxides,  carrying  25  per  cent,  pure  copper,  and  is  opened  by  a 
70-foot  shaft.  The  Holbrook  has  a  10-foot  vein  of  red  oxides, 
but  has  little  work  done  on  it.  The  Copperopolis  shows  a  5- 
foot  vein  and  a  40-foot  shaft.  The  Atlanta  carries  25  per  cent. 
ore,  and  is  opened  by  a  45-foot  shaft.  The  Copper  King  is  the 
western  extension  of  the  Copper  Queen.  It  is  a  large  vein, 
showing  good  ore.  The  Golden  Gate,  Ohio,  Copper  Prince, 
Cave,  New  York,  Galena,  Garfield,  Bounty,  Black  Jack,  and 
Dreadn aught  are  all  fine  prospects,  although  but  little  work 
has  been  done  upon  any  of  them.  Bisbee,  besides  its  immense 
copper  veins,  has  silver  and  gold  also.  It  is  one  of  the  most 
eligibly  situated  camps  in  Southern  Arizona,  and  has  a  bright 
future  before  it. 

*  PIMA  COUNTY. 

This  county  is  the  oldest  mining  region  in  the  United  States. 
At  what  time  the  first  discoveries  were  made  by  Europeans  is 
not  clear,  although  it  is  believed  that  the  Jesuit  missionaries 
operated  here  as  early  as  the  latter  part  of  the  seventeenth 
century.  By  the  middle  of  the  eighteenth  century  mining  was 
prosecuted  vigorously  in  the  Baboquivari,  the  Santa  Rita,  Anvaca, 


42  THE  RESOURCES  OF  ARIZONA. 

Oro  Blanco,  Patagonia,  and  at  several  other  points  in  the 
county.  From  the  many  old  shafts  and  tunnels  which  have 
been  discovered,  it  is  evident  that  the  industry  was  carried  on 
extensively.  In  this  region  was  found  the  famous  "  Planchas 
de  Plata/5  or  "planks  of  silver,"  which  yielded  nearly  five 
tons  of  the  pure  metal.  Many  of  the  rich  mines  which  were 
worked  in  those  days,  have  not  been  found,  although  the  most 
diligent  search  has  been  made.  The  abandonment  of  the  mis- 
sions in  1828,  and  the  hostility  of  the  Apaches,  almost  put  a 
stop  to  mining  in  Arizona,  and  it  was  not  until  some  time  after 
the  country  came  into  the  possession  of  the  United  States,  that 
it  was  resumed.  Several  companies  were  then  organized,  and 
a  great  deal  of  bullion  taken  out.  The  constant  raids  of  the 
savages,  and  the  withdrawal  of  the  troops,  on  the  breaking 
out  of1  the  civil  war,  almost  put  a  stop  to  all  work,  and  not 
until  the  Indians  were  subdued,  in  1874,  did  the  mining  in- 
dustry of  Piina  county  take  a  fresh  start.  This  industry  has 
received  a  wonderful  impetus  by  the  building  of  the  Southern 
Pacific  railroad.  Millions  of  dollars  have  been  invested;  new 
districts  have  been  organized;  an  army  of  prospectors  has  in- 
vaded the  country,  and  many  valuable  discoveries  have  been  made. 
Gold,  silver,  copper,  and  lead,  are  found  in  every  mountain 
range  in  the  county.  With  the  exception  of  the  region  known 
as  the  Papagueria,  wood  and  water  is  abundant  everywhere. 
The  richness  of  its  ores  and  the  size  and  permanent  character  of 
its  veins,  have  given  Pima  county  a  reputation  second  to  no 
portion  of  Arizona. 

HARSHAW  DISTRICT. — This  district  is  about  70  miles  south-east 
of  Tucson,  in  the  Patagonia  mountains.  The  hills  are  covered 
with  oak  and  juniper,  while  the  water  supply  is  sufficient  for 
the  working  of  ores.  The  camp  is  about  50  miles  south  of  the 
Southern  Pacific  railroad.  The  Hermosa  is  a  large  lode  of  free- 
milling  ore.  The  vein  is  from  8  to  12  feet  wide.  The  ore  is  a 
chloride  and  horn  silver.  One  of  the  most  complete  20-stamp 
mills  on  the  coast  is  kept  steadily  at  work,  crushing  about  80 
tons  per  day.  The  yield  of  bullion  up  to  date  has  been  over 
$700,000.  'The  mine  is  opened  by  a  tunnel  700  feet  in  length, 
cutting  the  vein  300  feet  below  the  croppings.  A  shaft  has 
been  sunk  100  feet  below  the  level  of  this  tunnel,  and  the  mine 
is  thoroughly  opened  by  drifts  and  cross-cuts.  The  Hermosa 
is  one  of  the  leading  mines  of  the  Territory.  The  Hardshell  is 
a  short  distance  west  of  the  Hermosa.  It  shows  a  vein  from 
10  to  12  feet  wide,  of  the  same  character  of  ore  as  the  latter, 
mine.  It  is  opened  by  a  shaft  50  feet  deep,  and  by  several 
cross-cuts.  The  Hardshell  gives  every  promise  of  becoming 
one  of  the  first  mines  of  Pima  county.  The  Trench  is  one  of 
the  old  mines  worked  by  the  early  missionarifs,  and  carries 
some  ore  of  a  high  grade.  It  shows  a  vein  from  3  to  4  feet 
wide,  carrying  sulphurets  of  silver.  The  main  shaft  is  down 
400  feet,  and  several  levels  have  been  opened.  Steam  hoisting- 
works  of  the  latest  pattern  have  been  erected.  The  Alta,  south 
of  the  Hermosa,  is  opened  by  several  shafts,  and  shows  a  large 


MINING  RESOURCES.  43 

ore  body.  It  is  owned  by  Eastern  parties.  The  Blue  Nose,  the 
American,  the  Independent,  and  many  other  fine  prospects  in 
this  camp,  show  good  ore  and  large  veins. 

WASHINGTON  CAMP  is  about  nine  miles  south  of  Harshaw,  and 
was  formerly  known  as  the  Patagonia  district.  It  is  in  the 
southern  end  of  the  Patagonia  mountains,  and  has  a  delightful 
situation,  being  in  the  midst  of  a  heavily  timbered  region.  The 
Santa  Cruz  river,  four  miles  distant,  affords  an  inexhaustible 
supply  of  water.  The  district  contains  large  veins  of  low-grade 
ore,  carrying  a  heavy  percentage  of  lead.  The  Davis  is  an  im- 
mense vein  of  carbonates,  being  in  places  20  feet  wide.  It  has 
been  opened  by  several  shafts,  the  deepest  being  160  feet,  and 
also  by  drifts,  cross-cuts,  and  winzes.  The  vein  throughout  all 
its  workings  shows  large  quantities  of  ore.  The  property  is 
owned  by  the  Patagonia  Mining  Company,  who  have  erected  a 
furnace  on  the  Santa  Cruz.  The  Belrnont  is  one  of  the  oldest 
locations  in  the  district.  It  is  three  miles  from  the  Sonora 
line.  It  has  a  shaft  over  100  feet,  and  a  cross-cut  at  the  bot- 
tom showing  30  feet  of  carbonate  ore,  carrying  considerable 
iron.  The  San  Antonio  is  also  an  old  location.  It  is  opened 
by  three  shafts,  the  deepest  being  60  feet.  It  shows  a  large 
body  of  ore  similar  in  character  to  the  Belmont.  The  Holland 
is  another  large  body  of  smelting  ore.  A  shaft  has  been  sunk 
nearly  100  feet,  showing  a  strong  vein  in  the  bottom.  The 
Washington  is  a  vein,  in  places  30  feet  wide.  The  ore  carries 
iron  and  copper  pyrites,  and  requires  to  be  roasted.  It  is 
opened  by  several  shafts  and  drifts.  What  is  known  as  "  Wash- 
ing Pool  mines"  embrace  the  Grasshopper,  St.  Louis,  Chicago, 
Ella,  Ohio,  Columbus,  Blue  Jay,  and  many  others.  They  are 
all  large  veins,  carrying  ore  of  a  good  grade,  though  mixed  with 
much  base  metal.  The  "  Old  Mo  wry  mine  "  is  four  miles  north 
of  Washington  camp.  Before  the  breaking  out  of  the  civil 
war,  the  mine  was  worked  by  Lieutenant  Mowry,  giving  em- 
ployment to  400  men  (principally  Mexican).  Large  smelting 
works  were  erected,  but  the  tall  brick  chimney  is  all  that  re- 
mains of  the  ruin.  During  the  war  the  Apaches  destroyed  the 
building  and  machinery.  The  old  shaft  is  down  350  feet.  The 
ore  is  easily  smelted,  and  carries  from  40  to  60  per  cent.  lead. 
The  mine  is  now  owned  by  parties  in  Tucson.  The  Redoubt- 
able, Pensacola,  Pelican,  Chico,  Thurman,  and  scores  of  others 
show  large  veins,  and  many  of  them  have  shafts  from  60  ttf  70 
feet.  Washington  Camp  is  favored  beyond  most  districts  in  its 
natural  facilities  for  ore  reduction.  This,  together  with  its  im- 
mense veins,  should  yet  make  it  one  of  the  leading  districts  in 
the  Territory. 

TYNDALL  DISTRICT  is  situated  south  of  the  high  peaks  of  the 
Santa  Rita  mountains  and  about  sixty-five  miles  from  Tucson. 
The  ores  of  the  district  are  generally  of  a  good  grade,  but  the 
rich  ore  bodies  are  not  large.  This  camp  has  suffered  from  bad 
management  by  unscrupulous  speculators.  The  mines  are 
favorably  situated  near  the  Santa  Cruz^  while  plenty  of  wood 
is  found  on  the  mountain  sides.  The  Josephine  is  a  vein  5  feet 


44:  THE  RESOURCES  OF  ARIZONA. 

wide,  of  free-milling  ore  that  has  worked  $60  per  ton.  It  is 
opened  by  a  shaft  75  feet  deep.  The  Ernrna  shows  a  vein  6 
feet  wide,  some  of  which  has  yielded  $100  per  ton.  It  has  a 
50-foot  shaft.  The  Magnolia  has  3  feet  of  milling  ore  that 
assays  $70  per  ton.  It  has  a  shaft  30  feet.  The  North  Star 
has  a  shaft  50  feet,  and  shows  a  5-foot  vein  that  has  yielded  $50 
per  ton.  The  Bonanza  is  opened  by  an  80-foot  shaft  and  shows 
over  7  feet  of  fine  smelting  ore.  The  Dayton  is  a  4-foot  vein, 
some  of  which  assays  $150  per  ton.  There  is  a  shaft  on  this 
mine  100  feet  in  depth.  The  Bushnell  shows  a  6-foot  vein 
and  a  shaft  over  100  feet.  Some  ore  from  this  claim  assays 
$300.  It  is  a  smelting  ore.  The  Lost  mine  has  a  shaft  150 
feet  and  a  4-foot  vein  assaying  $60  per  ton.  The  Major  has 
a  tunnel  100  feet  in  length.  Its  vein  is  5  feet  wide,  and  it  has 
produced  rock  that  has  assayed  $700.  The  Jefferson  is  a  large 
body  of  smelting  ore,  nearly  7  feet  wide.  It  has  a  shaft  150 
feet  in  depth.  The  Bed  Cloud  is  a  3-foot  vein  of  free-milling 
ore.  It  is  opened  by  an  80-foot  shaft,  and  has  produced  some 
very  rich  rock.  The  Laura,  Happy  Thought,  Gold  Tree, 
Helvetia,  Bed  Oak,  Hidalgo,  Cachise,  Hamilton,  Alcalde, 
Davis,  -Crown  Point,  and  many  other  promising  properties,  are 
found  in  Tyndall  district. 

THE  AZTEC  DISTRICT  is  really  a  continuation  of  the  Tyndall. 
The  character  of  the  ore  is  the  same  and  the  formation  similar. 
The  veins  are  large  and  well  defined,  and  can  be  traced  for  a 
long  distance.  The  same  causes  which  have  retarded  the  de- 
velopment of  the  Tyndall  district  have  also  operated  here. 
Among  the  claims  which  deserve  mention,  are  the  Empress  of 
India,  San  Ignacio,  Old  Salaro  mine,  Bosario,  Las  Cruces, 
Bicard,  Anahuac,  Toltec,  Coronado,  Henry  Clay,  Apache, 
Santa  Bita,  Hidalgo,  Seneca,  La  Salle,  Juarez,  and  many 
others. 

AIUVACA  DISTRICT. — This  district  is  about  65  miles  south  of 
Tucson.  Mining  was  carried  on  in  this  region  long  before  the 
settlement  of  the  country  by  the  Americans.  The  camp  has  a 
delightful  situation,  a  fine  climate,  and  is  possessed  of  abun- 
dance of  wood  and  water.  The  formation  is  granite  and  por- 
phyry. The  Con.  Arizona  is  owned  by  the  Consolidated  Arizona 
Gold  and  Silver  Mining  Company.  It  is  opened  by  a  main  shaft 
200  feet  in  depth,  and  by  levels  and  drifts.  The  ore  is  a  chloride, 
whtch  mills  freely.  The  vein  is  from  3  to  5  feet  wide,  and  the 
yield  has  been  about  $100  per  ton.  A  complete  10-stamp 
mill  has  been  erected  on  the  property,  and  also  steam  hoisting- 
works.  The  vein  has  fine  walls,  and  gives  every  indication  of 
being  a  permanent  fissure.  The  company  own  three  other 
claims  on  the  same  vein,  among  which  the  Silver  Eagle  has  the 
most  development.  It  has  a  shaft  78  feet,  and  shows  a  4-foot 
vein  that  assays  $75  per  ton.  The  Albatross  is  a  large  body 
of  sulphuret  ore  that  gives  an  average  assay  of  $80  per  ton. 
It  is  a  new  discovery,  and  has  been  opened  by  a  shaft  60  feet  in 
depth.  The  Arkansas  is  a  4-foot  vein,  carrying  chlorides  and 
sulphurets  of  silver.  The  ore  assays  $100  per  ton.  The 


MINING  RESOURCES.  45 

mine  is  opened  by  a  150-foot  shaft  and  a  tunnel  300  feet.  The 
Dos  Amigos  shows  a  vein  3  feet  in  width  that  gives  $80  as 
an  average  assay.  It  has  a  shaft  100  feet  deep.  The  Idaho  is 
a  large  vein,  candying  ore  that  goes  $30  per  ton.  It  is  opened 
by  iui  80-foot  shaft.  The  Union  shows  a  4-foot  vein  of  free- 
milling  ore  assaying  $50  per  ton.  A  shaft  120  feet  deep  lias 
been  sunk  on  the  claim.  The  Fairview  is  a  4-foot  vein  carry- 
ing ore  that  goes  $40  per  ton.  It  has  a  shaft  130  feet  deep. 
The  Relief  has  a  shaft  55  feet,  and  a  vein  4  feet  wide,  going 
$50  per  ton.  The  Postboy  shows  a  vein  2  feet  in  width,  of 
carbonate  ore,  that  has  assayed  $100  per  ton.  It  has  a  shaft 
30  feet  deep.  The  Lougarine  is  opened  by  two  shafts  100  and 
80  feet,  respectively,  -and  by  300  feet  of  drifts  arid  winzes. 
The  ore  is  free-milling,  assaying  $80  per  ton.  The  Clipper, 
Tennessee,  Alpha,  Grand  Republic,  Arion,  Black  Eagle,  Blue- 
jay,  Mentor,  and  Arivaca  are  among  the  many  promising  pros- 
pects of  this  district.  No  portion  of  Pirna  county  presents  a 
more  inviting  field  for  investment.  The  famous  Cerro  Colorado 
mine  is  about  ten  miles  north  of  Arivaca.  It  was  worked  exten- 
sively, under  every  disadvantage,  before  the  breaking  out  of  the 
civil  war,  and  has  produced,  it  is  said,  nearly  $2,000,000.  The 
constant  attacks  by  the  Apaches  compelled  the  abandonment  of 
the  property,  and  the  buildings  and  hoisting-works  were  de- 
stroyed by  the  savages.  It  is  now  owned  by  the  Arivaca  Mill- 
ing and  Mining  Company.  The  vein  is  not  large,  but  the  ore  is  of 
a  high  grade.  '  Bounding  Arivaca  on  the  west  is  the  Beiboquivari 
range,  which  has  been  mined  by  the  old  missionaries  in  the 
early  days,  and  contains  some  large  veins  of  rich  ore.  The  Oro 
Fino  is  a  vein  nearly  8  feet  in  width,  assays  from  which  give 
$50  per  ton.  It  has  a  shaft  60  feet.  The  Black  Hawk  is  an 
8-foot  vein  of  base  metal,  that  gives  $50  per  ton.  A  60-foot 
shaft  has  been  sunk  on  the  property.  The  Silver  Chief  shows 
4  feet  of  ore  that  assays  $60  per  ton.  It  is  opened  by  a  shaft 
150  feet  deep. 

OKO  BLANCO. — This  camp  is  seven  miles  south-east  of  Arivaca. 
The  country  rock  is  generally  porphyry.  The  ores  are  mostly 
carbonates  and  free-milling.  Wood  is  plentiful.  The  ores 
carry  gold  and  silver.  The  Warsaw  is  a  vein  from  3  to  4 
feet  wide.  Ore  from  this  mine  has  worked  $80  per  ton.  It 
is  opened  \)y  a  300-foot  shaft,  besides  drifts  and  cross- 
cuts. A  ten-stamp  mill  and  roaster  have  been  erected  on  the 
property.  It  has  produced  over  $25,000.  The  Alaska  is  a  4-foot 
vein,  carbonate  ore,  assaying  $70  per  ton.  It  has  a  shaft  150 
feet  deep,  and  a  200-foot  tunnel.  The  Peelstick  has  a  shaft 
170  feet  deep,  has  a  4-foot  vein,  and  assays  $60  per  ton. 
The  Yellow  Jacket  has  a  shaft  120  feet  deep,  and  400  feet  of 
drifts  and  tunnels.  It  shows  a  ledge  3  feet  wide — gold 
quartz.  A  ten-stamp  mill  has  been  erected  on  the  mine,  and  a 
considerable  amount  of  bullion  taken  out.  The  Montana  is  a 
large  ledge  of  carbonate  ore.  A  tunnel  100  feet  in  length  has 
been  driven  on  the  vein.  The  Idaho  shows  a  vein  4  feet 
wide,  some  of  which  assays  as  high  as  $200.  It  is  opened  by  a 


46  THE  RESOURCES  OF  ARIZONA. 

shaft,  100  feet  deep.  The  Susana  is  a  vein  of  carbonate  ore, 
going  $60  per  ton.  A  shaft  50  feet  deep  has  been  sunk  on  the 
property.  The  California  has  a  shaft  100  feet  deep.  It  is  a 
strong  vein  of  carbonates,  that  assays  $50  per  ton.-  Among 
the  prospects  worthy  of  mention  in  this  district  should  be 
named  the  Sonora,  North  Carolina,  Franco-American,  Ready 
Relief,  Southern  Pacific,  and  many  others. 

EMPIRE  DISTRICT. — This  district  is  about  twenty  miles  east  of 
Tucson,  in  the  rolling  hills  of  the  Rincon  mountains.  It  is  a 
short  distance  south  of  the  Southern  Pacific  railroad.  The 
camp  has  been  brought  into  notice  by  the  discovery  of  the 
4*  Total  Wreck/5  an  immense  body  of  chloride  ore,  over  50  feet 
in  width,  and  assaying  from  $10  to  $500  per  ton.  The  ore  car- 
ries silver  and  gold.  It  has  the  appearance  of  a  contact  vein, 
between  porphyry  and  lime.  Work  is  prosecuted  steadily. 
Three  thousand  tons  of  ore  are  on  the  dump,  and  reduction 
works  will  be  erected  at  once.  The  Champion  is  a  20-foot 
vein,  with  a  shaft  50  feet  deep.  The  Dividend,  Cross,  Crescent, 
Ophir,  and  many  others  are  on  the  same  vein  as  the  Total  Wreck. 
They  show  large  bodies  of  the  same  character  of  ore,  and  prom- 
ise to  become  valuable  properties. 

OLD  HAT  DISTRICT  is  on  the  northern  end  of  the  Santa  Cata- 
rina  range,  and  thirty-five  miles  from  Tucson.  It  contains 
plenty  of  wood  and  water,  and  is  well  situated  for  mining. 
The  Bonanza  has  two  tunnels,  300  feet  in  length.  It  is  a  large 
vein,  assaying  from  $50  to  $100  per  ton.  Work  is  carried  on 
steadily,  and  a  fine  property  is  being  opened  up.  The  Bra- 
ganza  is  a  strong  vein,  producing  ore  that  goes  from  $50  to 
$200  per  ton.  The  other  prominent  mines  are  the  Old  Hat, 
Bandit,  American  Flag,  Palmetto,  Pioneer,  Morning  Star, 
Black  Bear,  Silver  Glance,  Montezuma,  Mermaid,  Pilot,  Look- 
out, Manzana,  and  many  more.  With  its  beautiful  situation, 
and  abundance  of  wood  and  water,  this  district  is  destined  to 
become,  a  prominent  mining  center  of  Southern  Arizona. 

SILVER  HILL  DISTRICT.— This  camp  is  fifty  miles  north-west  of 
Tucson,  and  only  eighteen  miles  distant  from  the  railroad.  The 
Abbie  Waterman  is  the  leading  mine  of  the  district.  It  shows 
a  body  of  carbonate  ore  nearly  10  feet  wide.  It  is  a  fine  smelt- 
ing ore,  and  assays  high  in  silver.  The  mine  is  opened  by  sev- 
eral shafts  and  open  cuts,  showing  the  same  body  of  mineral 
from  end  to  end  of  the  claim.  This  promises  to  become  one  of 
the  most  valuable  discoveries  in  Pima  county.  The  Amelia  is 
the  north  extension  of  the  Waterman.  It  is  a  large  vein  of 
fine  ore.  The  Mamie  Griffith,  Monarch,  Government,  Lancer, 
Little  Joker,  White  Cliff,  and  Rodrigues'  Purse  are  all  large 
veins,  carrying  ore  of  a  good  grade. 

PAPAGO  DISTRICT  lies  to  the  south-west  of  Tucson.  It  embraces 
a  large  area  of  country  known  as  the  Papagueria.  This  region 
contains  veins  of  gold,  silver,  and  copper.  Water  can  be  ob- 
tained by  sinking,  and  mesquite  and  palo  verde  wood  is  met 
with  nearly  everywhere.  The  Montezuma  mine  is  in  this  re- 
gion, and  also  the  famous  Cabibi  mines,  which  are  rich  in  silver 


MINING  RESOURCES.  47 

and  copper.  The  Pichaco  mine,  in  this  district,  has  been 
worked  for  many  years,  and  has  produced  a  large  amount -of 
bullion.  The  San  Pedro,  Cabriza,  El  Cantavo,  and  many  other 
large  and  promising  veins  are  in  this  portion  of  Pima  county. 
Westward  from  tbis  group  are  the  Ortega  mines,  ricli  in  copper 
and  silver;  and  still  farther  west  are  the  noted  Ajo  copper 
mines,  which  were  worked  extensively^  in  early  times,  and  the 
ore  shipped  from  Port  Libertad  to  San  Francisco.  All  this 
portion  of  Pima  is  rich  in  mineral,  and  will  yet  become  the  seat 
of  a  prosperous  mining  industry. 

AMOLE  DISTRICT  is  west  of  Tucson  and  contains  several  valu- 
able mines  that  assay  from  $100  to  $1,500  per  ton.  The  Cym- 
beliue,  the  Homestake,  and  the  Hope  are  all  fine  properties. 
The  Neuguilla  mine  has  a  shaft  90  feet  deep,  showing  a  vein  be- 
tween 4  and  5  feet  wide. 

PniA  DISTRICT  lies  about  thirty  miles  south-west  of  Tucson,  in 
the  low  hills  of  the  Sierritas.  It  has  yielded  ore  of  a  high 
grade,  and  promises,  with  development,  to  become  an  important 
camp.  The  Esperanza  and  the  Rough  and  Ready  are  the  lead- 
ing mines  of  the  camp.  The  latter  has  produced  ore  going 
$700  per  ton. 

HELVETIA  DISTRICT  is  situated  on  the  eastern  slope  of  the 
Santa  Ritas.  It  has  abundance  of  wood  and  water.  It  con- 
tains rich  placer  mines  which  have  produced  several  hundred 
thousand  dollars.  The  district  has  also  some  valuable  veins  of 
silver  and  gold,  though  but  little  work  has  yet  been  done. 

Copper. — Pima  county,  besides  its  ledges  of  gold  and  silver, 
is  also  rich  in  copper.  High-grade  copper  ores  are  found  on 
the  northern  end  of  the  Santa  Rita  range,  about  twenty-five 
mile's  south  from  Tucson.  The  outcroppings  cover  several 
hundred  acres,  and  are  composed  of  carbonates,  red  oxides,  and 
copper  glance.  Some  of  the  veins  are  nearly  50  feet  in  width, 
going  from  15  to  25  per  cent.  The  copper  deposits  in  the 
Silver  Bell  district,  fifty  miles  west  from  Tucson,  are  among 
the  largest  and  most  valuable  in  the  Territory.  They  are  im- 
mense dikes,  in  places  50  feet  wide,  carrying  carbonates,  and 
red  and  black  oxides.  A  smelter,  with  a  capacity  of  30  tons, 
is  being  erected  on  this  property  by  the  Huachaca  Mining  Com- 
pany. Besides  the  copper  mines  here  alluded  to,  the  whole 
region  west  of  Tucson,  to  the  boundary  of  Yuma,  and  south  to 
Sonora,  is  rich  in  this  metal. 

YAVAPAI  COUNTY, 

The  largest  political  division  of  the  Territory,  has  long  borne 
an  enviable  reputation  for  the  richness  and  extent  of  its  mines, 
and  for  years  was  the  leading  bullion  producer  of  the  Territory. 
The  principal  mineral  belt  of  the  county  lies  between  the  thirty- 
fourth  and  thirty-fifth  parallels  of  latitude,  and  extends  from 
the  Apache  line  to  the  boundary  of  Mohave.  There  is  no  part 
of  the  Territory  so  generally  blessed  with  those  two  important 
factors  in  mining  operations,  wood  and  water.  The  formation 
of  the  mineral-bearing  portion  of  Yavapai  county  is  mostly  a 


48  THE  RESOURCES  OF  ARIZONA. 

granite;  porphyry,  slate,  and  quartzite  are  encountered  in  many 
•places,  while  the  northern  part  shows  sandstone,,  trap,  and 
rock  of  volcanic  origin.  The  mineral  veins  are  noted  for  smooth, 
well-defined  walls,  high-grade  ores,  and  great  variety  of  mineral 
combinations.  In  its  production  of  gold,  Yavapai  is  the  lead- 
ing county  of  the  Territory.  The  metal  is  found  in  nearly  every 
portion  of  the  mineral  belt,  in  alluvial  deposits,  and  in  ledges. 
Silver  occurs  in  native,  wires  and  nuggets^  chlorides,  horn  sil- 
ver, silver  glance,  ruby  silver,  sulphides,  black -sulphurets,  and 
many  other  rich  varieties.  Copper  is  found  in  oxides,  native, 
malachite,  blue  carbonates,  and  as  grey  copper. 

The  first  mining  by  Americans  in  Yavapai  county  began  in 
1863,  with  the  discovery  of  the  rich  placers  at  Weaver  creek. 
About  the  same  time  the  Walker  party,  from  New  Mexico, 
found  the  diggings  of  the  Hassayampa  and  Lynx  creek.  Since 
then  mining  has  been  carried  on  with  generally  satisfactory 
results.  Until  the  opening  of  the  Southern  Pacific  railroad, 
two  thirds  of  the  bullion  shipped  from  tbe  Territory  was  pro- 
duced in  this  county;  and  nearly  half  the  mining  locations  in 
Arizona  were  made  within  its  borders.  Mining  operations  con- 
ducted by  ignorant,  incompetent,  and  sometimes  dishonest 
men,  have  greatly  retarded  the  development  of  Yavapai.  Un- 
fortunately, mining  litigation  has  also  done  its  share  in  this 
direction.  But  despite  these  obstacles,  the  intrinsic  merit  of 
the  mines  has  been  proven,  and  against  bad  management  and 
costly  litigation  they  have  been  made  to  pay.  The  opening  of 
the  railroad  on  the  thirty-fifth  parallel  will  give  the  mines  of 
Yavapai  all  the  advantages  of  cheap  and  rapid  transportation; 
will  bring  its  vast  mineral  wealth  before  the  world,  and  make 
it,  what  its  unrivaled  climate  and  great  natural  advantages  des- 
tined it  to  be,  one  of  the  leading  mining  camps  on  the  coast. 

PECK  DISTRICT. — This  district  is  thirty  miles  south-east  from 
Prescott,  in  the  northern  foothills  of  the  Bradshaw  range.  It 
was  organized  in  1875,  and  has  become  famous  for  the  wonder- 
ful richness  of  its  ores.  It  has  every  advantage  in  the  way  of 
wood  and  water.  Owing  to  continuous  litigation,  the  mines  of 
the  district  have  not  been  worked  as  mines  of  their  richness 
and  extent  ought  to  be.  No  camp  in  the  Territory  has  pro- 
duced the  same  amount  of  bullion,  considering  the  length  of 
time  it  has  been  worked  and  the  number  of  men  employed. 

The  Peck  is  one  of  the  leading  mines  of  the  Territory.  Dis- 
covered in  1875,  it  was  worked  successfully  till  1878,  when  the 
owners  became  involved  in  a  lawsuit  which  has  not  yet  ended. 
The  mine  produced  during  that  short  period  $1,200,000.  Ore 
worth  from  $5,000  to  $20,000  per  ton  was  frequently  met  with. 
Pending  the  settlement  of  lawsuits,  one  of  the  finest  proper- 
ties in  the  Territory  is  lying  idle.  The  rich  vein  is  about 
18  inches  wide,  composed  mainly  of  chlorides  and  car- 
bonates. The  average  working  test  has  been  near  $200  per 
ton.  The  mine  is  opened  by  a  400-foot  shaft,  and  by  four 
levels,  aggregating  1,300  feet.  A  complete  ten-stamp  mill  and 
roaster  have  been  erected  on  the  property.  The  Peck  is  a 


MINING  RESOURCES.  49 

strong  vein,  with  prominent  quartzite  croppings  traceable  across 
the  country  for  several  miles.  The  Silver  Prince  is  situated 
about  half  a  mile  east  of  the  Peck.  It  1ms  produced  veiy  rich 
ore,  similar  in  character  to  that  of  the  Peck.  Several  tons  of 
this  ore  shipped  to  San  Francisco  have  averaged  $1,000  per  ton. 
The  mine  is  opened  by  several  shafts  aud  drifts,  and  by  a  tun- 
nel nearly  400  feet  in  length.  The  vein  is  a  strong  and  well- 
defined  one,  the  richer  ore  bodies  occurring  in  chambers  or 
bunches.  The  Black  Warrior  lies  south  from  the  Prince 
and  on  the  same  vein.  It  is  one  of  the  finest  properties  in  the 
camp;  has  been  thoroughly  opened  by  shafts,  drifts,  and  tun- 
nels. It  shows  a  vein  from  2  to  3  feet  wide,  composed  of 
sulphurets,  galena,  native  and  antimonial  silver,  assaying  on  an 
average,  §200  per  ton.  The  Warrior  and  the  Prince  are  the 
property  of  a  New  York  company.  The  Asa  Buffum  is  a  north- 
ern extension  of  the  Peck.  It  shows  a  small  vein  of  exceedingly 
rich  chloride  and  carbonate  ore  that  assays  $1,000  per  ton.  The 
Alta  is  situated  south  from  the  Peck,  and  between  that  ledge 
and  the  Silver  Prince.  It  shows  a  vein  from  1  to  2  feet 
wide  of  high-grade  chloride  ore,  giving  an  assay  of  $300  per 
ton.  The  Evening  Star  is  the  south  extension  of  the  Alta.  It 
is  opened  by  several  shafts  and  drifts  showing  ore  similar  to  the 
Alta,  assaying  from  $300  to  $1,000  per  ton.  The  Lone  Juniper 
is  a  south  extension  of  the  Black  Warrior.  It  carries  a  vein 
from  1  to  2  feet  of  carbonates  and  chlorides  assaying  from 
$80  to  $500  per  ton.  The  property  has  been  developed  by 
several  shafts,  drifts,  etc.  The  Doyle  is  south  of  the  War- 
rior. It  has  a  vein  2  feet  wide  of  sulphuret  ore.  Average 
assays  go  from  $50  to  $100  pgr  ton.  The  mine  has  a  100- 
foot  shaft  and  100  tons  of  ore  on  the  dump. 

The  May  Bean  is  the  first  south  extension  of  the  Peck,  and 
has  produced  very  rich  ore.  It  is  owned  by  the  May  Bean 
Mining  Company,  and  is  explored  by  several  tunnels  and  shafts. 
The  Curtin  is  the  north  extension  of  the  Prince.  It  is  a 
large  vein,  having  but  little  work  done  upon  it.  The  Silver 
Chief  is  situated  between  the  Peck  and  the  Silver  Prince.  It 
has  a  shaft  40  feet  and  shows  rich  ore.  The  St.  Paul,  some 
distance  south  of  the  Peck,  is  a  large  vein  carrying  ore  that 
averages  about  $30  per  ton.  But  little  work  has  been  done  on 
it.  The  Austin,  south  of  the  St.  Paul,  has  produced  ore  worth 
$5,000  per  ton.  There  are  a  great  many  claims  on  the  Peck 
ledge  which  show  good  surface  indications.  The  most  promi- 
nent of  these  is  the  General  Kautz,  opened  by  a  tunnel  over 
100  feet  in  length.  The  New  York  is  north  of  the  Curtin.  It 
is  a  large  ledge,  showing  good  ore  and  opened  by  several  shafts. 

TIGER  DISTRICT. — This  district  is  situated  about  thirty-five 
miles  south-east  of  Prescott,  on  the  southern  slope  of  the 
Bradshaw  range.  No  camp  in  the  Territory  has  better  natural 
advantages  for  the  mining  and  working  of  ores.  Wood  is 
found  in  every  direction,  and  water  is  abundant;  while  the 
climate  is  all  that  could  be  desired.  The  formation  is  a 
granite.  The  district  was  organized  in  1871,  and  contains 
4 


50  THE  RESOURCES  OF  ARIZONA. 

many  large  and  regular  veins  of  gold  and  silver.  The  cost 
of  bringing  in  machinery,  and  the  curse  of  litigation,  have 
been  the  causes  which  have  hindered  the  development  of 
its  valuable  properties.  The  Tiger,  which  has  given  its  name 
to  the  district,  is  one  of  the  largest  veins  in  the  Territory,  being 
over  70  feet  between  smooth  and  compact  walls.  It  was 
the  first  silver  mine  of  importance  discovered  in  northern  Ari- 
zona, and  has  produced  some  of  the  richest  ore  ever  found  in 
the  Territory.  The  mine  is  opened  by  a  three-compartment 
working  shaft,  300  feet  deep,  supplied  with  steam  hoisting- 
works,  and  equipped  with  cages  and  pumps.  The  ore  is  a  sul- 
phuret,  carrying  native  silver,  and  has  worked  on  an  average, 
$110  per  ton.  A  ten-stamp  mill  with  roaster  attached  has  been 
erected.  The  mine  has  produced  $200,000,  $5,000  being  gold. 
The  claim  is  1,200  feet  long  by  200  feet  wide.  The  Hammond 
and  Riggs  claim  is  the  second  south  extension  of  the  Tiger.,  It 
is  a  large  vein,  showing  fine  ore,  and  has  a  tunnel  driven  along 
the  ledge  150  feet,  and  a  shaft  65  feet  deep.  The  Linn  ground 
is  the  first  extension  north.  It  shows  a  strong  vein  of  high- 
grade  sulphuret  ore,  and  is  opened  by  several  shafts  and  cuts. 
The  Tiger  is  a  true  fissure  and  is  located  for  three  miles,  the 
claims  varying  from  200  to  1,200  feet  in  length,  most  of  which 
have  been  patented.  Nearly  all  of  the  claims  are  opened  by 
shafts  and  tunnels,  showing  large  ore  bodies  similar  in  charac- 
ter to  the  discovery  location. 

The  Gray  Eagle  is  about  two  miles  east  of  the  Tiger.  It  is  a 
large  vein  of  sulphuret  ore,  carrying  gold  and  silver.  Average 
assays  give  $46  in  silver  and  $22  in  gold.  It  is  opened  by  350 
feet  of  lunnels.  The  Oro  Bo*hito  lies  between  the  Tiger  and 
the  Gray  Eagle;  it  shows  a  3-foot  vein  of  gold  quartz,  some 
of  which  has  worked  $80  per  ton,  in  arrastras.  The  mine  is 
opened  by  several  shafts  and  tunnels.  The  Eclipse  is  about  two 
miles  east  of  the  Tiger;  it  has  from  1  to  3  feet  of  chloride 
and  horn  silver  ore,  assays  from  which  have  gone  up  into  the 
thousands.  A  60-foot  shaft  has  been  sunk  on  the  mine.  The 
Lorena  is  a  small  ledge  east  of  the  Jiclipse;  the  ore  is  a  chloride 
of  silver  and  goes  about  $200  per  ton.  There  is  a  shaft  80  feet 
deep  and  100  tons  of  ore  on  the  dump.  The  California  and 
Bcnton  are  supposed  to  be  northern  extensions  of  the  Tiger. 
They  are  strong  veins  and  carry  high-grade  ore;  the  form-  r  has 
a  shaft  100  feet,  and  the  latter  50  IVet  deep.  The  Moreland 
is  the  north  extension  of  the  Benton;  it  is  a  large  vein,  carrying 
some  very  rich  silver  ore. 

The  Buckeye  is  situated  in  what  is  known  asBradshaw  Basin. 
It  is  a  small  ledge  of  very  rich  ore — gold  and  silver.  It  has 
produced  several  thousand  dollars,  and  is  opened  by  shafts  and 
tunnels.  The  Kansas  is  east  of  the  Buckeye;  it  has  a  strong 
vein  of  sulphnret  ore,  and  has  been  explored  by  a  tunnel,  over 
100  feet  in  length.  The  Thurmau  is  a  3-foot  vein  of  sul- 
phurets  carrying  gold  and  silver,  and  assaying  $60  per  ton. 
Several  shafts  have  been  sunk  on  the  property.  There  are  many 
other  valuable  claims  in  the  "Basin  "  on  which  but  little  work 


MINING  KESOURCES.  51 

has  been  done.     A  ten-stamp  custom  mill  has  been  erected  at 
this  place. 

North  of  the  Tiger  district,  in  what  was  formerly  known  as 
Pine  Grove,  are  several  fine  properties,  foremost  among  which 
is  the  War  Eagle,  a  vein  from  2  to  5  feet  wide,  carrying  gold 
and  silver,  which  has  worked  from  $25  to  $40  per  ton. 
The  discovery  claim  is  opened  by  a  shaft  90  feet  deep.  It  has 
produced  over  $30,000,  and  is  one  of  the  most  valuable  prop- 
erties in  the  Brudslmw.  The  claim  lias  been  located  for  several 
miles,  the  extensions  all  showing  finely.  The  Del  PHSCO,  Brad- 
shaw,  Blandena,  Cougar,  Gretna,  Shelton,  and  many  other 
promising  claims,  are  in  the  Tiger  and  Pine  Grove  districts. 
About  five  miles  west  of  the  Tiger  is  located  the  Southern  Belle, 
a  ledge  of  gold  quartz  from  4  to  5  feet  wide;  the  ore,  worked 
in  arrastras,  has  yielded  from  $30  to  $">0  per  ton.  Several 
shafts  and  open  cuts  show  a  well  defined  lode. 

Tit  TOP. — This  district  is  about  fifty  miles  south-east  of  Prescott 
in  the  spurs  of  the  Bradshaw  range.  The  camp  has  long  been 
noted  for  the  richness  of  its  ores,  and  is  a  favorite  of  "chlo- 
riders,"  or  poor  miners  who  get  out  their  "  rock  "  and  have  it 
reduced  at  custom  mills.  The  formation  is  a  micaceous  granite, 
and  the  veins,  though  small,  are  compact  and  regular.  The 
district  has  produced  more  bullion  than  any  other  in  Yavapai 
county,  and  its  mines  steadily  improve  in  size  and  richness  as 
depth  is  reached.  The  Tip  Top  is  the  principal  mine  of  the 
camp;  it  was  discovered  in  1875,  and  has  been  worked  con- 
tinuously ever  since.  The  main  working  shaft  is  down  nearly 
600  feet,  and  the  claim  is  thoroughly  opened  by  levels,  winzes, 
tunnels,  etc.  The  vein  averages  from  1  foot  to  18  inches  in 
width;  the  ore  is  a  sulphuret,  carrying  quantities  of  ruby  silver, 
and  assaying  $300  per  ton.  A  10-stamp  mill  and  roaster  is  in 
operation  on  the  Agua  Fria,  about  nine  miles  from  the  mine. 
This  is  one  of  the  best  properties  in  the  count}T,  and  has  pro- 
duced over  $1,200,000.  The  Cross-cut  is  west  of  the  Tip  Top, 
and  is  the  largest  vein  in  the  district.  It  is  traceable  across  the 
country  for  several  miles,  and  located  nearly  all  the  way.  The 
Foy,  a  location  on  this  ledge,  shows  2  feet  of  ore  assaying  from 
$75  to  $200  per  ton.  It  is  opened  by  a  shaft  180  feet  deep,  and 
by  several  open  cuts. 

The  Pearl,  another  location  on  the  Cross-cut,  is  opened  by 
a  shaft  100  feet  deep;  it  shows  a  strong  vein  of  high  grade 
milling  ore,  and  is  one  of  the  most  promising  claims  in  the 
camp.  The  Swilling  is  north  of  the  Tip  Top;  it  has  two  shafts, 
110  and  50  feet,  respectively.  It  carries  a  3 -foot  vein  of 
milling  ore  assaying  $50  per  ton.  The  Virginia  No.  2  is  on 
Tula  creek,  about  four  miles  from  Tip  Top.  It  shows  18 
inches  of  free-milling  ore,  ranging  by  assay  from  $100  to  $1000 
per  ton.  The  mine  is  opened  by  two  shafts,  140  and  80  feet 
deep,  and  has  produced  $10  000  silver.  What  is  known  as  the 
Kowe  claim  is  near  the  Cross-cut;  it  contains  some  very 
rich  ore,  and  is  opened  by  a  tunnel  and  several  shafts.  A  num- 
ber of  tons  of  ore  from  this  mine  have  been  shipped  to  San, 


52  THE  KESOURCES  OF  ARIZONA. 

Francisco,  averaging  from  $500  to  $1000  per  ton.  The  Basin 
mine  is  three  miles  west  of  the  Tip  Top.  It  has  been  worked 
for  several  years — the  ore  being  reduced  in  a  custom  mill — 
and  has  paid  a  handsome  profit  to  its  owners.  The  mine  has 
produced  a  great  deal  of  bullion,  but  the  exact  figures  are  not 
at  hand.  The  "76"  has  a  small  vein  of  high  grade  ore  of  a 
similar  character  to  the  Tip  Top,  which  assays  from  $200  to 
$1000  per  ton.  Three  tunnels— 200,  120,  and' 85  feet  each-- 
have been  driven  on  the  claim.  The  Incasis  a  narrow  vein  of  ex- 
ceedingly rich  ore,  assaj'ing  from  $100  to  $1,800  per  ton.  These 
are  only  a  few  of  the  claims  of  this  district;  there  are  scores  of 
others  which  carry  rich  ore  and  give  every  promise  of  becoming 
valuable  when  developed.  The  ores  of  the  camp  are  nearly  all 
silver-bearing. 

HASSAYAMPA  DISTRICT. — This  district  is  situated  about  ten 
miles  south  of  Prescott,  in  the  midst  of  a  heavily  timbered 
and  well-watered  region.  The  'Hassayampa  creek,  after  which 
the  district  takes  its  name,  has  been  worked  for  gold  ever 
since  the  settlement  of  Northern  Arizona,  and  has  pro- 
duced a  great  deal  of  money.  The  character  of  the  ores  iu 
the  Hassayampa  region  is  a  gold  quartz  on  the  surface, 
which  gradually  passes  into  silver  as.  depth  is  reached.  The 
formation  is  generally  a  granite,  with  some  slate  and  por- 
phyry. The  Senator  shows  more  development  than  any  mine 
in  the  camp.  It  has  been  worked  extensively*  and  "has  a  shaft 
200  feet  deep,  with  levels,  drifts,  cross-cuts,  etc.  The  vein 
is  from  2  to  4  feet  wide — iron,  copper,  and  lead  sulphurets, 
which  have  yielded  from  $25  to  $40  per  ton.  The  mine 
has  produced  $160,000  in  gold.  It  has  a  ten-stamp  mill. 
The  Davis  is  about  four  miles  south  of  the  Senator,  on  Slate 
creek,  a  tributary  of  the  Hassayampa.  It  is  a  large  vein  of 
sulphuret  ore,  averaging  5  feet  wide.  It  is  opened  by  a  tun- 
nel nearly  100  feet  in  length.  The  ore  gives  an  assa}7  of  from 
$50  to  $300  per  ton .  The  Davis  is  traceable  across  the  country 
for  nearly  two  miles,  and  several  extensions,  showing  good  ore, 
have  been  located  on  it. 

The  Crook  is  three  miles  east  of  the  Hassayampa.  Some  of 
the  richest  gold  quartz  ever  taken  out  in  the  county  came  from 
this  mine.  It  is  opened  by  670  feet  of  shafts  and  850  feet  of 
tunnels.  It  has  a  vein  from  1  to  4  feet  wide,  yielding  $28 
per  ton.  The  claim  has  produced  over  $50,000  in  gold,  and 
shows  good  ore  in  every  drift  and  stope.  It  has  a  ten-stamp 
mill.  The  Perry  is  eight  miles  south  of  Prescott.  It  is  a 
strong  vein  of  sulphuret  ore;  has  a  shaft  75  feet  and  a  tunnel 
185  feet.  Selected  ore  from  this  mine  has  yielded  $400  per  ton, 
in  silver.  The  Pine  Tree  shows  a  vein  18  inches  wide,  giving 
an  assay  of  $90  per  ton.  It  carries  silver  and  gold,  and  is 
opened  by  a  tunnel  350  feet  in  length.  The  Savage  has  two 
hafts,  40  and  50  feet.  It  carries  18  inches  of  ore,  worth 
8200  per  ton.  The  Cash  has  2  feet  of  base  ore,  assaying  $60 
per  ton.  It  has  a  shaft  28  feet.  The  Consolidated  Bodie 
shows  4  feet  of  galena  and  carbonate,  assaying  $60  per  ton.  It 


MINING  RESOURCES.  53 

has  two  shafts,  100  and  180  feet.  The  claim  is  on  the  oast 
fork  of  the  Hassayampa.  The  Sunnier  is  a  large  vein,  45  feet 
of  micaceous  iron,  portions  of  which  are  rich  in  silver.  As- 
says as  high  as  $2,000  have  been  made  from  this  mine.  The 
(1;iney  shows  2  feet  of  gold  quartz  that  has  worked  £38  per  ton. 
The  Grovanor  has  a  3-foot  vein  of  gold  and  silver  ore  that 
assays  $27  per  ton.  It  is  opened  by  three  shafts.  The  Madison 
shows  1  foot  of  black  sulphurets  of  silver  worth  $200  per  ton. 
The  Delaware  has  a  50-foot  shaft,  with  2  feet  of  ore,  carrying 
gold  and  silver.  The  Montgomery,  Peacock,  Often,  Railroad, 
Nevada,  Connecticut,  Constantine,  Glenn,  Fox,  Kautz,  Silver 
Trail,  Jim  Davis,  United  States,  Storm  Cloud,  Fremont,  Sterling, 
Nifty,  and  hundreds  of  others,  are  located  in  the  Hassayampa 
district.  It  is  impossible  in  this  brief  sketch  to  give  more  than 
a  passing  glance  at  the  many  valuable  properties  in  this  camp, 
the  most  delightful  summer  resort  in  the  Territory. 

WALKER  DISTRICT. — This  district  is  about  seven  mile's  east  of 
Prescott,  and  embraces  the  headwaters  of  Lynx  creek,  the 
richest  gold-bearing  stream  yet  discovered  in  the  Territory.  It 
is  estimated  that  over  $1,000,000  has  been  taken  from  this 
creek  since  its  discovery  in  1863.  Lynx  creek  is  blessed  with 
an  abundant  supply  of  wood  and  water,  and  a  delightful  cli- 
mate. The  veins  carry  gold  and  silver.  The  Shelton  is  a  4- 
foot  ledge  of  carbonate  ore,  impregnated  with  iron  pyrites. 
Assays  go  as  high  as  $600  per  ton.  The  ledge  has  a  shaft  30 
feet  and  a  tunnel  100  feet.  The  Pine  Mountain  is  a  2-foot  vein 
of  carbonate  ore,  assaying  $120  per  ton.  It  has  a  shaft  20  feet. 
The  Gray  Eagle  has  a  tunnel  70  feet.  It  carries  4  feet  of  car- 
bonate and  sulphuret  ore,  assaying  $80  in  gold  and  silver.  It 
has  produced  $4,000.  The  Mount  Vernon  carries  10  inches 
of  rich  gold  quartz,  worth  $200  per  ton.  It  has  produced  $15,- 
000,  is  opened  by  several  shafts,  and  a  tunnel  100  feet  in  length. 
The  American  Flag  shows  18  inches  of  base-metal  ore  that  has 
worked  $50  per  ton.  It  has  a  50-foot  shaft,  and  has  yielded 
$3,000.  The  Hidden  Treasure  shows  a  ledge  12  feet  wide,  as- 
saying from  $27  to  $200  per  ton,  gold  and  silver.  It  is  opened 
by  a  shaft  50  feet  deep. 

The  Accidental  is  thoroughly  opened  by  shafts,  tunnels, 
drifts,  etc.  It  is  a  rich  vein,  carrying  gold  and  silver,  and  has 
produced  over  $50,000.  The  Mountain  Lion  is  a  promising- 
looking  claim,  carrying  gold  and  silver.  It  has  a  tunnel  135 
feet  in  length.  The  Orion  is  a  4-foot  vein  of  sulphuret  ore,  as- 
saying $  0  per  ton.  A  shaft  42  feet  deep  has  been  sunk  on  the 
ledge.  The  Hirshel  has  a  6-foot  vein  of  carbonate  and  galena 
ore,  assaying  $50  per  ton  in  silver,  and  $15  in  gold.  It  has  a 
shaft  65  feet  deep.  The  Capital  is  opened  by  a  tunnel  and 
several. open  cuts.  It  carries  2  feet  of  chlorides,  assaying  $80 
per  ton.  The  Real  del  Monte,  Empire,  Mark  Twain,  Cham- 
pion, Henry  Clay,  Pointer,  Boston,  Eureka,  Eberhardt,  Alturas, 
and  scores  of  other  valuable  locations,  are  in  this  district. 

TURKEY  CREEK. — This*  district  is  about  twenty  miles  south- 
east of  Prescott.  The  ledges  are  principally  silver-bearing,  in  a 


54  THE   RESOURCES   OF   ARIZONA. 

granite  and  porphyry  formation.  The  cnmp  has  plenty  of  wood 
ai  d  water,  and  a  climate  unsurpassed  in  the  Territory.  TheTus- 
cumbia  is  situated  on  a  northern  spur  of  the  Bradshaw  range. 
It  is  opened  by  a  shaft  100  feet  deep,  and  a  tunnel  250  feet. 
The  vein  is  about  18  inches  wide,  assaj'injr  $200  per  ton.  A 
five-stamp  mill  has  been  erected,  and  some  $25,000  in  silver  has 
already  been  laken  out.  The  Goodwin  is  from  4  to  6  feet,  be- 
tween smooth  walls;  the  pay  streak  is  from  1  to  3  feet,  assaying 
from  $50  to  $800  per  ton.  The  Holmes  claim,  on  the  Good- 
win ledge,  shows  a  vein  from  1  to  4  feet  wide,  assaying  from 
$60  to  $1 ,000  per  ton.  The  ore  is  a  rich  autimonial  silver.  There 
is  a  shaft  85  feet,  and  a  tunnel  160  feet.  It  has  yielded  $2,800, 
in  silver.  The  Hatz  and  Collier  claim  is  a  northern  extension  of 
the  Goodwin.  It  shows  a  vein  from  2  to  4  feet,  that  assays 
from  $50  to  $500  per  ton.  It  is  opened  by  several  shafts  and 
tunnels.  The  Continental  is  a  large  ledge,  carrying  a  rich  pay 
streak.  "It  has  a  tunnel  200  feet  in  length,  besides  several 
shafts.  The  Peerless  is  a  large  dike,  with  a  vein  of  rich  ore. 
It  has  a  shaft  90  feet.  The  Succor  shows  a  2-foot  vein  of  ga- 
lena ore,  some  of  which  assays  $200  per  ton.  It  has  a  shaft  100 
feet.  The  Gold  Note  shows  a  good  body  of  rich  galena  ore.  It 
is  opened  by  a  shaft  ICO  feet  deep.  The  Morning  Glory  is  a 
large  ledge  of  gold  quartz.  It  is  opened  by  a  shaft  100  feet 
deep  and  by  a  100-foot  tunnel.  The  Trinity  carries  from  6  inches 
to  15  inches  of  sulphnret  ore,  that  as.says  $100  per  ton.  It  has 
a  shaft  80  feet.  The  Compton  has  a  shaft  48  feet,  and  carries 
from  1  to  2  feet  of  antirnonial  silver  ore.  The  Bully  Bueno, 
Town  Site,  Adirondack,  Lincoln,  Nevada,  McLeod  mine,  Rich- 
mond, Kendall,  Franklin,  and  many  more,  all  show  ore  of  a 
high  grade. 

BIG  BUG. — This  district  is  situated  east  of  Lynx  creek,  and 
about  twelve  miles  from  Prescott.  It  is  surrounded  by  a  forest 
of  pine  timber,  and  h-is  abundance  of  water.  The  ores  carry 
gold  and  silver.  Considerable  placer  gold  has  been  taken  from 
this  camp.  The  Bell  has  three  feet  of  argentiferous  galena  ore, 
assaying  $80  per  ton.  It  is  opened  by  a  shaft,  260  feet  deep, 
and  by  a  tunnel  200  feet  long.  It  carries  gold  and  silver.  The 
Plat  Bonita  has  a  shaft  70  feet.  It  carries  4  feet  of  milling  ore, 
assaying  $60  per  ton.  It  contains  silver  and  gold.  The  Mid- 
dletori  shows  4  feet  of  milling  ore,  assaying  $50  per  ton.  It  is 
opened  by  a  shaft  70  feet  deep.  The  Poland  has  a  tu?inel 
60  feet.  It  has  a  3  foot  vein  of  smelting  ore,  assaying  $50 
per  ton.  The  Dividend  is  a  3-foot  vein  of  gold-bearing  quartz 
that  has  worked  $20  per  ton.  It  has  a  shaft  120  feet.  The  Ga- 
lena is  a  ledge  of  gold  quartz  that  has  yielded  $20  per  ton.  It 
has  three  shafts,  80,  100,  and  125  feet,  each.  The  Big  Bug 
shows  3  feet  of  base  ore  that  has  worked  $20  per  ton,  in 
gold.  It  is  opened  by  an  80-foot  shaft.  The  Eugenia  shows 
2£  feet  of  gold  pyrites.  It  has  a  tunnel  100  feet  in  length. 
The  Belcher  is  opened  by  several  shafts  and  tunnels.  It  car- 
ries 2^  feet  of  free-milling  gold  ore  that  has  yielded  $20  per 
ton.  The  Lottie  is  a  4-foot  vein  of  milling  ore,  carrying  gold 


MINING  RESOURCES.  55 

and  silver,  and  assaying  $GO  per  ton.  It  has  a  100-foot  shaft. 
The  Champion  hits  a  shaft  100  feet  deep.  It  is  a  4-foot  ledge 
of  milling  ore,  assaying  $(50  per  ton,  and  containing  gold  and 
silver.  The  Mesa,  Pine  Tree,  Forest  City,  Black  Fox,  Chal- 
lenge, Oury,  Belcher,  Ticonderoga,  Independence,  Crown 
Point,  Rebel,  Bunker  Hill,  Hamilton,  and  many  other  valuable 
prospects,  are  in  Big  Bug.  Several  Eastern  companies  are  now 
operating  in  the  district,  • 

GUOOM  CREEK. — This  camp  is  about  six  miles  from  Prescott, 
in  one  of  the  finest  timbered  auxl  watered  regions  of  Northern 
Arizona.  The  ledges  are  regular  and  compact  in  a  granite  for- 
mation; they  carry  gold  and  silver.  The  Lone  Star  has  a  vein 
2  feet  wide  of  argentiferous  galena  ore,  assaying  $100  per 
ton.  It  has  two  tunnels,  94  and  74  feet,  respectively,  besides 
several  shafts.  The  Golden  Chariot  is  a  2-foot  vein  of  gold 
£nd  silver  ore.  It  is  opened  by  several  shafts  and  drifts.  The 
Mountain  shows  a  two-foot  ledge  of  gold  quartz.  It  has  a 
70-foot  tunnel.  Tlie  Dauphin  has  a  shaft  45  feet.  It  shows  a 
strong  vein,  4  feet  wide,  of  free-milling1  ore,  carrying  gold  and 
silver.  The  Mirabile  has  18  inches  of  high-grade  free-milling 
ore.  It  is  opened  by  a  shaft  85  feet  deep.  The  Minnehaha 
has  two  shafts,  35  feet  each.  It  carries  20  inches  of  rich  mill- 
ing ore,  some  of  which,  shipped  to  San  Francisco,  has  gone 
$300  per  ton.  The  Nevada  shows  20  inches  of  milling  ore, 
assaying  $160  per  ton.  It  has  two  shafts,  40  and  35  feet  each. 
The  What  Cheer  is  a  large  vein  of  free-milling  ore,  with  a  50- 
foot  shaft.  Select  ore  from  this  mine  has  gone  $300  per  ton. 
The  Alcyone  shows  2  feet  of  galena  that  assays  $00  per 
ton.  A  35-foot  shaft  has  been  sunk  on  the  claim.  The 
Surprise  has  a  shaft  40  feet  and  carries  2  feet  of  free  milling 
ore,  assaying  $150  in  gold  and  silver.  The  Homestead,  Uncle 
Joe,  Adell,  Heathen  Chinee,  Gazelle,  Chicago,  Old  Put,  Black 
Hawk,  Canadian,  Alta,  Providence,  Wakefield,  Gray  Eagle, 
Omaha,  Benjamin,  and  scores  of  others  well  worthy  of  special 
mention,  are  in  this  district. 

CHERRY  CHEEK. — This  camp  is  situated  about  twenty-live 
miles  east  of  Prescott,  on  the  southern  end  of  the  Black  Hill 
range.  It  is  on  the  main  road  to  tlie  Verde;  has  plenty  of  wood 
and  water,  and  a  desirable  situation.  The  ores  carry  gold  and 
silver,  and  are  easily  reduced  The  Black  Hills  is  a  ledge  of 
argentiferous  galena  ore,  12  feet  wide,  and  assaying  $40  per  ton. 
The  mine  is  opened  by  a  40-foot  shaft.  The  Silver  Streak  is  a 
4-foot  vein,  assaying  $50  per  ton  in  gold  and  silver.  It  has 
a  25-foot  shaft.  The  Rustic  shows  18  inches  of  carbonate  ore, 
that  assays  $150  per  ton.  It  is  opened  by  a  35-foot  shaft.  The 
Hiawatha  has  a  shaft  30  feet  deep,  with  2  feet  of  carbonate 
ore,  assaying  $50  per  ton.  The  Hercules  is  a  strong  vein,  nearly 
4  feet  wide,  carrying  silver  and  copper.  It  assays  $00  in 
silver.  The  Sarah  Jane  shows  a  2-foot  vein  of  gold  quartz,  that 
assays  $75  per  ton.  It  has  a  35-foot  shaft.  The  Gold  Ring,  Car- 
bonate Chief  and  Parole  are  fine-looking  prospects,  carrying 
rich  ore  and  good-sized  veins.  There  are  numerous  other  loca- 


56  THE  RESOURCES  OF  ARIZONA. 

tions  in  this  district  deserving  mention,  which  must  be  omitted 
for  want  of  space.  Considerable  gold  is  being  taken  out  with 
arrastras,  and  the  claims  are  steadily  improving  as  they  are  sunk 
upon. 

WEAVER. — This  district  is  the  oldest  in  the  county,  having  been 
organized  in  1863,  after  the  discovery  of  the  rich" gold  deposits 
of  Rich  Hill.  In  a  depression  on  the  summit  of  this  mountain 
about  $500,000  in  coarse  gold  was  found  lying  on  the  shallow 
bed-rock,  near  the  surface.  The  gulches  running  down  from 
this  mountain  were  also  rich  in  placer  gold;  they  have  been 
worked  since  their  discovery  up  to  the  present  time,  and  have 
produced,  it  is  estimated,  $500,000,  making  the  yield  of  Weaver 
district  in  placer  gold,  $1,000,000.  The  ores  of  the  district  are 
nearly  all  gold-bearing.  Weaver  is  about  thirty-five  miles  south 
from  Prescott.  The  Leviathan  is  an  immense  gold-bearing 
quartz  ledge,  in  some  places  300  feet  wide.  Assorted  rock 
from  the  mine  has  worked  $50  per  ton,  in  arrastras.  It  is  opened 
by  a  tunnel,  which  cuts  it  100  feet  below  the  surface,  and  by 
several  shafts  and  cuts.  It  is  estimated  there  are  2,000,000 
tons  of  ore  in  sight  in  this  enormous  vein.  The  Marcus  shows 
a  vein,  3  feet  wide,  of  free-milling  gold  ore,  to  a  depth  of 
68  feet,  after  which  it  changes  to  a  sulphuret.  The  free- 
milling  ore,  worked  in  arrastras,  has  yielded  as  high  as  $200  per 
ton.  The  vein  is  opened  by  an  incline  85  feet  deep,  and 
by  a  shaft  G5  feet,  connected  by  drifts.  A  new  working 
shaft  has  been  started,  and  is  now  down  sixty  feet.  There 
are  scores  of  other  promising  properties  in  this  district, 
among  which  may  be  mentioned  the  Metallic  Caudle,  with  a 
shaft  40  feet  deep,  and  a  vein  of  gold  quartz  20  feet  wide; 
the  Emerald  has  a  tunnel  125  feet  long  and  a  shaft  20  feet 
deep;  the  Buckeye  has  a  shaft  30  feet  deep;  the  Cosmopolitan 
has  a  shaft  20  feet;  the  Sexton  has  a  shaft  20  feet.  Between 
thirty  and  fifty  men  are  steadily  at  work  in  the  placers  of  this 
district,  all  making  good  wages. 

THE  MARTINEZ  DISTRICT  joins  Weaver  on  the  west.  The  ledges 
are  gold-bearing,  large,  and  well  defined.  A  mill  has  been 
erected  on  the  Cumberland,  but  incompetency  and  mismanage- 
ment caused  it  to  prove  a  failure.  The  mine  carries  ore  that 
assays  $250  per  ton,  and  has  yielded  over  $4, 000  from  arrastras. 
The  Martinez  is  a  6-foot  vein  assaying  heavily  in  silver.  The 
Model  is  situated  in  People's  valley,  but  is  included  in  Weaver 
district.  It  is  a  small  vein  of  rich  gold  quartz,  which  averages 
about  $50  per  ton.  It  is  opened  by  a  shaft  150  feet  deep, 
and  by  several  tunnels.  A  Huntington  mill,  with  a  capacity  of 
5  stamps,  has  been  erected  on  the  property.  The  Miner  is  near 
the  Model.  It  shows  a  vein  of  gold  quartz  2  feet  wide.  It  has 
a  100-foot  shaft  and  several  drifts,  cross-cuts,  etc.  A  five-stamp 
mill  has  been  put  up  on  the  claim  and  is  working  satisfactorily. 
The  mine  is  owned  by  the  Bedrock  Mining  Company. 

TONTO  BASIN. — Thin  district  is  in  the  south-eastern  part  of 
Yavapai  county.  The  veins  are  large,  carry  gold  and  silver, 
and  there  is  a  plentiful  supply  of  wood  and  water.  The  House 


MINING  RESOURCES.  57 

and  House  claim  has  a  shaft  100  feet  and  250  feet  of  tunnels. 
The  vein  is  5  feet  wide,  free-milling  silver  ore.  The  Dougherty 
shows  a  5-foot  vein  of  silver  ore,  and  is  opened  by  a  IM-foot 
shaft.  The  Osceola  has  a  shaft  115  feet  deep  and  a  G-foot  ledge 
of  gold  quartz.  The  Golden  Wonder  is  opened  by  a  shaft  150 
feet  deep.  The  ledge  is  5  feet  wide.  The  Zulu  is  a  large  vein 
of  free-milling  gold  and  silver  ore,  assaying  $100  per  ton, 
and  opened  by  a  shaft  G5  feet  deep.  The  American,  Silver  Belt, 
Excursion,  Last  Chance,  Accident,  and  many  other  valuable 
locations,  have  been  made  in  this  district. 

SILVER  MOUNTAIN. — This  district  is  south  of  the  Tiger  in  the 
foothills  of  the  Bradshaw  range.  Some  of  the  largest  ledges 
in  the  Territory  are  found  here.  The  formation  is  granite  and 
porphyry.  Among  these  immense  veins  may  be  mentioned  the 
Mammoth,  from  50  to  300  feet  wide,  and  traceable  across  the 
country  for  several  miles.  Five  claims  of  1,500  feet  each,  have 
been  located  on  the  ledge.  But  little  work  has  yet  been  done, 
although  some  very  fine  ore  has  been  taken  out.  The  mine 
contains  silver  and  gold.  Among  the  other  veins  of  unusual 
size  are  the  Excelsior,  Great  Western,  Mountain  King,  and 
Snowball. 

WALNUT  GROVE. — This  district  is  about  thirty  miles  south  of 
Prescott,  and  embraces  the  eastern  end  of  the  Antelope  range. 
The  veins  are  small,  but  rich  in  gold  and  silver.  Wood  and 
water  are  found  in  abundance  on  the  Hassayarnpa.  Among  the 
prominent  claims  may  be  mentioned  the  Crescent,  Josephine, 
Vesuvius,  Rebel,  and  many  others.  A  five-stamp  mill  has  been 
erected  in  the  district,  but  is  now  idle. 

THUMB  BUTTE. — This  camp  is  six  miles  west  of  Prescott,  in 
the  Sierra  Prieta  range.  It  contains  some  small  veins  carrying 
very  rich  silver  ore.  The  surroundings  are  all  that  could  be 
desired;  wood  and  water  are  found  everywhere.  There  are  sev- 
eral claims  with  shafts  from  20  to  70  feet,  all  showing  fine  ore. 

AGUA  FRIA. — This  district  is  sixteen  miles  east  of  Prescott,  in 
the  foothills  west  of  the  stream  of  the  same  name.  The  ore  is 
silver  and  of  a  very  high  grade.  The  mines  are  in  contact  for- 
mation between  slate  and  granite.  The  Silver  Belt  is  the  lead- 
ing mine  of  the  district.  It  is  opened  by  three  shafts,  65,110, 
and  165  feet  in  depth.  The  ore  is  a  carbonate,  carrying  chlo- 
rides, horn  silver,  and  native  silver,  and  jrields  $250  per  ton. 
The  ore  is  smelted  and  the  base  bullion  shipped  to  San  Fran- 
cisco. The  capacity  of  the  furnace,  which  is  run  by  the  water 
power  of  the  Agua  Fria,  is  7  tons  in  24  hours.  The  Belt 
has  produced  nearly  $100,000  in  silver.  The  Kit  Carson,  Sil- 
ver Flake,  Agua  Fria,  and  Raible  and  Hatz  claim,  are  the  other 
principal  mines  in  the  district. 

BLACK  CANYON. — This  district  is  twenty-five  miles  east  of  Pres- 
cott. It  extends  from  the  eastern  spurs  of  the  Bradshaw  range 
to  the  Agua  Fria.  The  veins  are  principally  gold-bearing, 
with  regular  and  well-defined  walls.  There  is  plenty, of  tim- 
ber on  the  slopes  of  the  Bradshaw  range,  and  water  at  all 
seasons  in  the  Agua  Fria  and  the  Black  Canyon.  This  latter 


58  THE  RESOURCES  OF  ARIZONA. 

stream,  which  drains  a  large  area  of  mountain  country,  has 
produced  considerable  quantities  of  placer  gold,  and  is  yet 
being  worked  for  the  metal.  The  leading  claims  of  the  dis- 
trict are  the  Ballenciana,  the  Wickenburg  mine,  the  Zika 
mine,  and  the  Sonora.  The  Zika  claim  is  worked  in  arrastras 
run  by  water  power  on  the  Agua  Fria.  It  is  a  strong  vein 
of  gold  quartz.  The  Wickenburg  has  a  large  ledge  of  quartz, 
showing  pure  gold  all  through  the  vein.  It  is  worked  by 
arras  traa. 

Copper. — Yavapai  is  rich  in  copper  ores;  they  are  found  in 
every  part  of  the  county,  some  of  them  of  a  very  high  grade. 
Very  large  deposits  are  found  east  of  the  Agua  Fria  and  in  the 
southern  end  of  the  Juniper  range;  copper  is  also  found  in  the 
Walnut  Grove  district,  in  the  country  west  of  Date  creek,  and 
in  Castle  creek,  south  of  the  Bradshaw  mountains.  So  far  as 
developed,  these  deposits  show  ore  of  a  high  percentage,  and  of  a 
character  easily  reduced.  The  only  copper  mines  which  have 
been  thoroughly  opened  are  situated  in  the  Black  Hills,  about 
twenty  miles  north-east  from  Prescott.  The  Eureka,  the  lead- 
ing mine  of  the  group,  has  been  explored  by  several  tunnels, 
which  have  tapped  the  vein  nearly  200  feet  below  the  surface. 
The  ledge  is  from  8  to  16  feet  in  width,  and  over  1,600  tons 
are  on  the  dump.  The  property  has  recently  been  purchased 
by  Eastern  parties,  who  intend  to  erect  reduction  works.  The 
Wad«j  Hampton  is  on  the  same  ledge  as  the  Eureka,  and  car- 
ries a  large  ore  body  similar  in  character.  There  are  many 
other  promising  claims  in  this  district,  which  possess  the  ad- 
vantages of  wood  and  water,  and  will  be  only  forty  miles  from 
the  Atlantic  and  Pacific  railroad. 

FINAL  COUNTY. 

The  first  mineral  discoveries  were  made  in  what  is  now  Pinal 
county  in  the  fall  of  1871,  but  the  hostility  of  the  Indians  and 
the  isolated  condition  of  the  Territory  at  that  time  prevented 
any  real  development.  The  region  was  known  to-be  rich  in  the 
precious  metals,  and  after  a  peace  was  conquered  from  the  Apa- 
ches, in  1874,  prospectors  flocked  thither.  The  discovery  of  the 
famous  Silver  King  in  the  fall  of  1874,  was  the  beginning  of  per- 
manent mining  in  Pinal,  and  since  that  time  it  has  been  prose- 
cuted without  intermission  and  with  the  most  flattering  results. 
Few  counties  of  the  Territory  can  show  a  better  record  of 
bullion  production.  The  Gila  river,  which  flows  through  the 
center  of  this  mineral  belt,  affords  an  unlimited  water  supply; 
while  wood  is  found  everywhere  sufficient  for  all  purposes  of 
ore  reduction.  The  ore  bodies  of  Pinal  county  are  noticeable 
for  their  size  and  richness.  The  formation  of  the  country  rock 
varies  according  to  the  locality,  but  granite  and  porphyry  ap- 
pear to  be  the  predominating  formations.  A  basaltic  cropping 
is  found  in  some  places,  and  quartzite  is  sometimes  met  with. 
Gold,  silver,  and  copper  are  the  leading  metals  of  Pinal. 
Large  bodies  of  coal  of  an  excellent  quality,  have  lately  been 
discovered  in  the  eastern  portion  of  the  county.  A  railroad 


MINING  RESOURCES.  59 

has  been  surveyed  from  Casa  Grande  to  Pitml  City,  which  will 
pierce  the  center  of  the  milling  region,  and  will  be  of  incalcu- 
lable benefit  to  the  county.  In  its  bullion  product  at,  tln>  pres- 
ent time,  Final  takes  the  second  place  among  the  counties  of 
the  Territory;  and  with  the  opening  of  the  projected  rail  com- 
munication, we  may  look  to  see  that  production  largely  in- 
creased. . 

PIONEER  DISTRICT. — The  Silver  King,  the  leading  mine  of 
Final,  is  situated  in  this  district.  The  (Toppings  of  the  vein 
are  on  a  low,  conical  hill,  in  a  basin,  surrounded  by  spurs  of 
the  Final  mountains.  It  is  said  that  the  mine  was  discovered 
from  information  furnished  by  a  discharged  soldier,  who  was 
stationed  at  this  point  during  the  Apache  wars.  -After  working 
the  mine  for  nearly  two  years  and  taking  thousands  of  dollars 
from  surface  excavations,  the  original  locators  sold  the  property 
to  the  present  company,  and  the  work  of  development  was  be- 
gun systematically.  The  discoverers  of  this  magnificent  prop- 
erty—farmers in  the  Grila  valley — "  builded  better  than  they 
knew  "  when  they  conferred  so  appropriate  a  name  on  the 
wonderful  mine.  The  vein  matter  is  elm-fly  quartz;  the  ore  is 
a  sulphuret,  carrying  large  quantities  of  native  silver,  polyba- 
site,  copper  glance,  blende,  antimony,  and  other  combinations. 
No  such  bodies  of  native  silver  have  been  found  on  the  coast. 
The  main  working  shaft  is  down  over  600  feet,  showing  fine  ore 
in  the  bottom;  five  levels  have  been  run,  and  cross-cuts  and 
winzes  have  thoroughly  opened  the  mine.  In  places  the  orei 
body  is  85  feet  wide.  A  twenty-stamp  mill  has  been  put  up  at 
Final,  five  miles  distant,  and  also  a  roaster  and  concentration 
works.  The  yield  of  bullion  for  May,  1881,  amounted  to  $99,000. 
The  ores  are  worked  by  the  lixiviation  process,  which  has  proven 
a  complete  success.  Whether  we  consider  the  size  of  the  vein, 
the  richness  and  variety  of  its  ores,  or  its  bullion  yield,  the 
King  must  be  ranked  as  one  of  the  great  mines  of  the  world. 

The  North  King  has  a  shaft  450  feet  in  depth,  with  improved 
hoisting  machinery.  The  South  King  has  been  sunk  to  a  depth 
of  150  feet.  The  property  is  owned  by  San  Francisco  parties. 
The  Eastland  is  down  200  feet,  and  work  is  prosecuted  steadily. 
This  mine  is  producing  some  fine  ore.  Hoisting-works  have 
been  erected.  The  Last  Chance  shows  a  vein  nearly  5  feet  in 
width.  The  ore  is  a  sulphuret,  rich  in  silver.  There  is  a  tunnel 
on  the  claim  160  feet  in  length.  The  Mount  View  has  a  4  foot 
vein  of  argentiferous  galena  ore.  It  is  opened  by  a  shaft  100 
feet  in  depth.  The  Alice  Bell  shows  4  feet  of  galena  ore,  carry- 
ing considerable  silver.  It  has  a  tunnel  80  feet. 

The  Belcher  is  one  of  the  leading  mines  of  the  district.  It 
is  a  chloride  ore  which  gives  an  average  of  $82  per  ton,  the  vein 
being  from  3  to  5  feet  wide.  A  ten-stamp  mill  has  been 
erected  on  the  property.  The  Eureka  is  on  the  same  ledge 
as  the  Belcher.  It  shows  a  vein  of  chloride  ore  from  2  to  3  feet 
wide,  assaying  $100  per  ton.  It  has  produced  about  $5,000. 
The  Surprise  is  a  large  gold  ledge,  8  feet,  wide,  assaying  $40  per 
ton.  It  is  owned  by  the  Surprise  Mining  Company,  who  intend 


60  THE  KESOURCES  OF   ARIZONA. 

to  erect  a  twer^-stamp  mill  the  present  year.  The  Gem  is  a 
5-foot  ledge  of  gold  quartz.  A  mill  has  recently  been  erected 
on  the  property,  which  is  owned  by  the  Wide  Awake  Mining 
Company.  The  Lewis  shows  4  feet  of  carbonate  ore.  It  is  on 
the  same  ledge  as  the  Belcher  and  Eureka.  The  Silver  Bell  has 
2J  feet  of  free-milling  ore  that  assays  $100  per  ton.  It  has  pro- 
duced $10,000,  and  is  owned  by  the  Silver  Bell  Mining  Company. 
The  Silver  Queen  is  the  first  location  made  in  Pioneer  district. 
It  is  a  large  body  of  metal,  rich  in  copper  and  silver.  The  mine 
is  opened  by  shafts,  drifts,  etc.,  and  shows  good  ore  throughout. 
Some  distance  south-west  of  Final  is  a  group  of  mines  lately  sold 
to  a  California  company.  The  ore  in  these  claims  is  a  carbonate, 
rich  in  silver.  The  veins  are  large,  and  well  situated  for  wood 
and  water.  The  company  who  purchased  is  known  as  the 
Pinole  Mining  Company. 

MINERAL  HILL. — This  district  is  in  the  foothills  of  the  Pinal 
mountains,  about  fifteen  miles  north-east  of  Florence.  The 
formation  of  the  district  is  granite.  The  Gila  valley  furnishes 
both  w*ood  and  wrater.  The  ore  is  smelting,  the  veins  large, 
and  of  a  good  grade.  They  carry  gold  and  silver.  The  Alice 
shows  a  ledge  from  6  to  10  feet  wide,  carbonates  and  galena. 
Assays  from  this  vein  give  $80  per  ton.  There  is  a  60-foot 
shaft  and  180-foot  tunnel  on  the  property.  The  Pacific  is  a 
ledge  from  8  to  20  feet  wide.  It  is  opened  by  four  shafts,  the 
deepest  being  CO  feet.  Ore  from  this  mine  has  assayed  $100  per 
ton.  The  Le  Eoy  is  a  6-foot  vein,  going  from  40  to  50  ounces 
per  ton.  It  has  a  shaft  100  feet,  and  a  tunnel  of  150  feet.  The 
Chocia  is  an  immense  vein,  from  6  to  30  feet  in  width,  portions 
of  it  assaying  50  ounces  per  ton,  silver.  A  shaft  50  feet  has 
been  sunk  on  the  property.  The  lodes  of  this  district  offer 
many  advantages  for  a  successful  mining  enterprise,  and  a  pros- 
perous camp  is  certain  to  spring  up  here. 

QUAEJARTA. — Quarjarta  district  lies  about  six  miles  south  of 
the  Southern  Pacific  railroad,  at  Casa  Grande.  There  is  plenty 
of  mesquite,  palo  verde,  and  ironwood,  and  water  can  be  had 
by  sinking  in  the  bed  of  the  Santa  Cruz.  The  district  has  pro- 
duced very  rich  ore,  which  was  shipped  to  San  Francisco,  be- 
fore the  building  of  the  railroad.  The  Quarjarta  mine  is  opened 
by  a  shaft  146  feet  deep,  and  by  several  open  cuts.  It  shows 
4  feet  of  ore  that  assays  $60.  The  east  extension  is  a  large 
vein  of  carbonate  ore.  It  has  a  shaft  50  feet,  and  38  feet  of 
drifts.  It  assays  $50  per  ton.  The  Antelope  shows  a  6-foot 
vein  of  gold  quartz.  Selected  ore  from  this  mine  has  yielded 
$100  per  ton,  in  arrastras.  There  is  a  40-foot  shaft  on  the  claim. 
The  Sacaton  is  a  fine-looking  prospect.  It  shows  a  ledge  over 
14  feet  wide,  of  carbonate  ore,  that  assays  $40  per  ton.  There 
are  many  other  promising  prospects  in  this  district,  which,  with 
development,  may  prove  valuable. 

On  SADDLE  MOUNTAIN,  between  the  junction  of  the  San  Pedro 
and  the  Gila,  some  discoveries  of  large  carbonate  veins  have 
recently  been  made.  The  new  camp  is  well  situated,  being  in 
the  center  of  a  wooded  region,  while  the  Gila  and  the  San 


MINING  RESOURCES.  Gl 

Pedro  furnish  an  inexhaustible  water  supply.  The  Hayes,  the 
most  prominent  pf  these  new  discoveries,  has  a  vein  of  car- 
bonates from  2  to  4  feet  wide,  which  assay  from  $30  to  $500 
per  ton.  There  is  an  80-foot  shaft  on  the  claim.  On  the 
Golden  Eagle  there  is  a  shaft  75  feet,  and  a  cross-cut  of  2G  feet; 
the  ore  is  carbonate,  carries  gold  and  silver,  and  assays  from 
$70  to  $100  per  ton.  The  Maybell  has  a  GO-foot  shaft,  and  as- 
says $100  per  ton.  There  are  some  fifteen  other  locations,  all 
showing  good  ore.  A  5-stamp  custom  mill  will  soon  be  in 
operation  at  the  mouth  of  the  San  Pedro. 

f  RANDOLPH  DISTRICT  is  situated  in  the  Superstition  range, 
north-west  from  Final  City.  The  ledges  of  the  district  are 
large,  with  ore  of  a  high-  grade.  The  first  discovery,  known  as 
the  Randolph,  is  over  40  feet  wide,  the  ledge  being  traceable 
across  the  country  for  several  miles.  The  ores  are  mostly  car- 
bonates and  chlorides  of  silver.  Assays  run  all  the  way  from 
$30  to  $1,000  per  ton.  There  is  plenty  of  water,  and  wood  can 
be  had  six  miles  distant. 

CASA  GRANDE,  DISTRICT  is  situated  about  20  miles  south  from 
the  station  of  the  same  name  on  the  Southern  Pacific  railroad. 
It  is  a  late  discovery,  and  the  ores  are  said  to  be  of  a  very  high 
grade.  Its  proximity  to  the  railroad  gives  this  new  district 
many  advantages.  A  lively  camp  has  sprung  up  about  the 
mines,  and  the  work  of  development  is  pushed  forward  vigor- 
ously. 

Copper. — On  Mineral  creek,  a  tributary  of  the  Gila,  north- 
east from  Florence,  in  the  foothills  of  the  Pinal  mountains,  are 
situated  some'rich  copper  mines.  The  camp  is  about  five  miles 
from  the  Gila  river,  and  abundance  of  wood  is  found  in  the 
neighborhood.  No  better  situation  for  a  mining  camp  can  be 
found  in  the  Territory.  A  smelter  with  a  capacity  of  30  tons  in 
twenty-four  hours,  has  been  erected  at  the  river,  and  is  running 
successfully.  The  Keystone  is  a  large  ledge  carrying  great 
quantities  of  native  copper.  The  average  of  the  ore  is  said  to 
be  about  25  per  cent.  The  mine  is  opened  by  several  shafts, 
drifts,  etc.  The  Ida  Ingnlls  is  a  14-foot  vein  of  copper  glance, 
a  large  part  of  it  giving  assa}Ts  of  30  per  cent.  There  is  a 
shaft  iDO  feet,  and  a  drift  60  feet  on  the  property.  The  Moni- 
tor shows  7  feet  of  good  ore.  It  has  several  openings. 

GILA  COUNTY. 

This  county  was  created  by  act  of  the  legislature  of  1881, 
from  portions  of  Pinal  and  Maricopa,  and  is  one  of  the  most 
thoroughly  mineralized  divisions  of  the  Territory.  Gold,  sil- 
ver, copper,  lead,  coal,  and  iron  are  found  within  its  borders. 
In  the  richness  of  its  silver  ores,  the  region  now  embraced  in 
Gila  county  has  long  been  famous.  "With  the  exception  of  the 
Planchas  de  Plata,  no  such  bodies  of  pure  silver  have  been 
found  in  the  Territory.  This  region  was  once  the  home  of  the 
Pinal  Apaches,  who  guarded  long  and  well  the  treasures  which 
were  known  to  be  hidden  in  their  mountain  homes.  As  early 
as  1871,  an  expedition  numbering  nearly  300  men,  and  led  by 


62  THE  RESOURCES  OF  ARIZONA. 

the  Governor  of  the  Territory,  penetrated  this  region,  but  as 
their  quest  was  for  placer  gold,  they  discovered  none  of  the 
rich  silver  lodes  over  which  they  passed.  It  was  not  till  1875, 
that  Globe  district  was  organized  and  its  boundaries  defined. 
At  that  time  the  larger  portion  of  the  present  county  of  Gila 
was  embraced  within  the  limits  of  the  San  Carlos  Indian  reser- 
vation, but  the  richness  of  the  new  discoveries  caused  the 
boundaries  of  the  reservation  to  be  narrowed,  and  the  mineral 
region  declared  a  portion  of  the  public  domain. 

The  geological  formation  of  the  county  is  generally  granite, 
porphyry  andf  syenite.  Quartzite  is  found  in  several  places,  and 
also  limestone  and  micaceous  slate.  The  rolling  hills  adjacent 
to  Final  creek  show  large  beds  of  cement  overlying  the  prim- 
itive rock.  Water  in  abundance  is  found  by  sinking  in  the 
•washes  and  gulches  throughout  the  county,  while  Final  creek 
is  a  running  stream  for  nearly  nine  months  in  the  year,  and 
carries  at  all  seasons  in  its  underground  channel,  water  in 
abundance  for  the  purposes  of  ore  reduction.  Of  wood,  it  is 
estimated  there  are  40  square  miles  of  pine  in  the  Final  mount- 
ains, besides  oak  and  juniper  in  large  quantities  in  different 
portions  of  the  county.  The  ores  of  Gila  show  a  great  variety 
of  mineral  combinations.  In  the  Final  mountains  they  are  a 
sulphuret,  currying  base  metal,  and  requiring  to  be  roasted  he- 
fore  l>ei,>i>-  milled.  In  the  vicinity  of  Globe,  Eichmond  Basin, 
and  McMilleriville,  the  ores  are  generally  free-milling,  with 
some  iron  and  copper.  The  copper  ores  of  the  county  aie  gen- 
erally of  a  high  grade  and  easily  reduced.  Gila  county  has 
rich  mines,  and  many  of  them;  it  has  wood  and  water  in  plenty; 
its  climate  is  unsurpassed;  a  railroad  will  soon  tap  the  mineral 
field;  capital  is  steadily  seeking  investment,  and  the  future  of 
this  region  is  as  bright  as  its  past  has  been  prosperous  and  pro- 
ductive. 

GLOBE  DISTRICT. — This  district  embraces  the  leading  mines  of 
Gila  county.  Probably  no  portion  of  the  Territory  of  the  same 
extent  has  produced  ore  of  such  wonderful  richness.  Tons  of 
this  ore,  shipped  to  San  Francisco  in  the  early  days  of  the  dis- 
trict, have  given  the  Globe  country  a  reputation  which  has 
extended  all  over  the  coast.  Among  the  leading  mines  of  the 
district  we  enumerate  the  following:  The  Irene  is  a  strong  vein 
of  carbonate  ore,  in  some  places  20  feet  wide,  and  earning 
a  pay  streak  of  about  6  feet,  which  will  go  close  to  $80  per 
ton.  The  mine  is  opened  by  a  shaft  240  feet  deep,  and  a  tun- 
nel of  330  feet  connecting  with  the  shaft.  The  mine  has  well- 
defined  walls.  It  is  owned  by  the  Irene  Mining  Company  of 
Kew  York.  Over  300  tons  of  ore  are  oil  the  dumps  and  a  mill 
will  soon  be  erected.  The  Alice  is  a  4-foot  vein  of  free-mill- 
ing ore,  assaying  $100  per  ton.  It  is  opened  by  a  shaft  235  feet 
deep,  and  a  tunnel  nearly  300  feet  in  length.  The  property  is 
owned  by  the  Globe  Mining  Company.  The  Centennial  shows 
2^  feet  of  grey  carbonates,  worth  $l(iO  per  ton.  It  has  a  shaft 
100  feet,  and  two  drifts,  one  of  130  feet  and  one  of  100  feet. 
The  Democrat  is  opened  by  a  shaft  33  feet  deep  and  by  a  tun- 


MINING  RESOURCES.  63 

nel  of  30  feet.  It,  shows  a  0-foot  vein  of  free- milling  ore  run- 
ning from  $40  to  $150  per  ton.  It  is  a  strong  vein,  and  one 
of  the  most  promising  properties  in  the  district. 

The  Stonewall  No.  1  is  a  large  ledge  with  croppings  in  places 
20  f*-et  high.  Three  distinct  ledges  are  traceable  the  entire 
length  of  the  claim.  Th'e  center  vein  carries  large  quantities 
of  horn  silver;  the  others  are  rich  in  carbonates.  The  average  of 
the  rn niii  vein  is  50  ounces  silver,  per  ton.  There  are  two  shafts, 
50  and  100  feet  deep,  respectively.  The  ore  body  at  the  bottom 
of  the  deepest  shaft  is  12  feet  wide,  with  good  walls.  The 
California  shows  a  vein  5  feet  wide,  that  assays  from  $40  to 
$100  per  ton.  A  tunnel  has  been  run  on  the  claim  nearly  200 
feet,  and  several  shafts  sunk,  the  deepest  being  50  feet.  The 
mine  is  about  four  miles  north  of  the  town  of  Globe.  The  Miami 
is  a  well  defined  vein,  earning  3  feet  of  ore  that  has  worked 
$70  per  ton.  Two  shafts  have  been  sunk,  80  and  90  feet 
respectively.  There  is  a  ten-stamp  mill  attached  to  the  prop- 
erty, which  has  produced  over  $25,000.  The  Champion  shows 
a  4-foot  ledge  of  free- milling  ore.  It  is  opened  by  a  main 
shaft  125  feet  deep,  and  by  several  drifts  and  tunnels.  A  ten- 
stamp  mill  has  been  erected,  and  has  produced  a  large  amount 
of  bullion. 

The  Golden  Eagle  is  a  large  vein  of  free-milling  ore.  The 
mine  is  thoroughly  opened  by  shafts,  drifts,  tunnels,  etc.  A 
ten-stamp  mill  reduces  the  ore.  The  bullion  yield  has  already 
exceeded  $80,000.  The  Julius  is  six  miles  from  Globe.  It  has 
produced  some  exceedingly  rich  ore,  and  over  $10, 000  has  been 
taken  from  it.  Fifteen  hundred  pounds  of  ore  from  this  mine, 
•worked  in  San  Francisco,  yielded  $5,000.  The  Rescue  is  one 
of  the  first  discoveries  in  Globe  district.  Several  tons  of  ore 
shipped  to  San  Francisco  went  over  $1,000  per  ton.  One  ton 
yielded  $3,000.  The  vein  is  4  feet  wide,  chloride  ore.  There 
is  a  tunnel  84  feet  and  a  shaft  80  feet.  The  Emeline  has  a 
shaft  50  feet.  It  shows  a  compact  vein  of  free-milling  ore,  18 
inches  wide,  which  will  average  $150  per  ton.  The  Chromo  is 
one  of  the  oldest  locations  in  the  camp.  The  ledge  is  made  up 
of  numerous  spar  veins,  from  a  mere  thread  to  45  feet  in  width. 
The  ore  is  found  in  these  veins,  and  assays  from  $5  to  $100  per 
ton.  The  ore  is  a  chloride. 

The  Centralia  is  one  mile  from  Globe.  It  is  in  a  limestone 
formation,  showing  many  beautiful  fossils.  There  is  a  tunnel 
on  the  property,  of  U  0  feet.  The  ore  shows  a  carbonate,  im- 
pregnated with  a  sub-oxide  of  iron  No  extensive  workings  have 
been  made,  but  the  claim  shows  a  fine  prospect.  It  hns  produced 
ore  that  has  worked  $224  per  ton.  The  Townseud  is  owned  by 
the  Towusend  Mining  Company.  The  vein  is  from  2  to 
8  feet  wide,  gold  ore.  Small  quantities  worked  by  arrastra 
process,  have  given  over  $50  per  ton.  There  is  a  tunnel  <>n  the 
property  150  feet  in  length.  There  are  over  300  tons  on  the 
dumps.  The  company  own  a  five-stamp  mill.  The  Fame  has 
a  small  vein,  about  1  foot  in  width,  of  chloride  and  sulphuret 
ore  that  assays  from  $80  to  $GOO  per  ton.  It  has  a  shaft  50 


64:  THE  RESOURCES  OF   ARIZONA. 

feet.  The  Independence  has  a  shaft  120  feet,  and  a  drift 
from  the  bottom,  30  feet.  The  vein  is  from  3  to  5  feet  in 
width.  The  ore  is  a  chloride,  carrying  malleable  silver,  arid 
assays  as  high  as  $GOO  per  ton.  Selected  ore  has  worked  584 
ounces,  silver.  The  mine  is  eight  miles  from  Globe.  The  Anna 
is  a  large  vein  upon  which  but  little  Work  has  been  done.  It 
has  produced  ore  worth  $170  per  ton.  The  Cox  and  Copeland 
claim,  seven  miles  from  Globe,  has  produced  several  thousand 
dollars  in  native  silver.  Among  the  many  other  valuable  claims 
in  the  vicinity  of  Globe,  and  within  a  radius  of  ten  miles  of  the 
town,  are  the  Bluebird,  Buckeye,  McCormick,  Turk,  Andy 
Campbell,  South-west,  Alice,  Dondona,  Florence,  Empire,  Im- 
perial, arid  scores  of  others. 

RICHMOND  BASIN.- — The  camp  is  situated  on  the  western  slope 
of  the  Apache  mountains  and  about  fourteen  miles  north  of 
Globe.  Wood  and  water  are  plentiful.  The  veins  are  strong 
and  well  defined.  This  camp  is  famous  for  the  native  silver 
nuggets  which  were  found  on  the  surface.  It  is  estimated  that 
over  $80,000  in  pure  silver  was  picked  up  in  this  locality.  The 
McMorris,  the  leading  mine  of  the  camp,  is  a  vein  nearly  8 
feet  wide.  .The  ore  is  a  native  silver,  silver  glance,  and  bro- 
mide of  silver.  The  main  shaft  is  down  400  feet.  An  incline  has 
been  sunk  300  feet,  and  a  tunnel  driven  100  feet.  There  are 
three  levels  aggregating  700  feet.  The  mine  has  been  one  of 
the  most  productive  in  Gila  county,  and  the  yield  up  to  date  is 
estimated  at  $400,000.  Steam  hoisting-works  have  been  erected 
and  also  a  ten-stamp  mill.  The  Silver  Nugget  takes  its  name 
from  the  "  planchas  "  which  were  found  within  its  limits  on  the 
surface.  Some  of  these  lumps  of  silver  weighed  five  pounds. 
The  ore  of  the  Nugget,  is  free-milling.  The  vein  is  large, 
and  is  opened  by  two  shafts,  one  of  160,  and  one  of  100  feet, 
and  a  drift  180  feet  in  length.  The  ore  is  worked  in  a  five- 
stamp  mill.  The  East  Richmond  is  a  9-foot  vein,  has  pro- 
duced very  rich  ore,  and  is  opened  by  two  shafts,  100  feet  and 
30  feet,  respectively.  The  West  Richmond  is  an  extension  of 
the  McMorris.  It  shows  a  vein  8  feet  wide.  It  has  a  shaft 
96  feet,  and  one  of  35  feet.  The  Dundee  is  a  4-foot  vein 
that  assays  $GO  per  ton.  It  is  a  fine-looking  prospect.  La 
Plata  has  a  ledge  7  feet  in  width.  A  shaft  has  been  sunk 
60  feet,  and  a  tunnel  run  120  feet.  It  is  an  extension  of  the 
McMorris,  and  has  been  sold  for  $60,000.  The  Cora,  South 
Plata,  Rifleman,  Belle  Boyd,  and  a  great  many  others  in  this 
camp,  show  every  indication  of  developing  .into  valuable  pay- 
ing properties. 

McMiLLENViLLE. — This  group  of  mines  is  situated  about  twenty 
miles  north  of  Globe,  about  six  miles  east  of  Richmond  Basin, 
and  almost  eleven  miles  south  of  Salt  river.  Nearly  all  the 
locations  are  on  one  immense  fissure,  traceable  across  the  coun- 
try for  twelve  miles.  The  country  rock  is  porphyry  and  syenite. 
Wood  and  water  are  abundant.  The  Stonewall  is  the  leading 
mine  of  the  camp.  It  is  a  very  large  vein,  impregnated  with 
chlorides  and  native  silver.  A  stratum  running  into  the  main 


MINING  RESOUKCES.  65 

vein,  and  from  1  to  2  inches  wide,  is  almost  pure  silver,  and  has 
yielded  many  thousands  of  dollars.  Steam  hoisting-works 
have  been  erected  on  the  property.  The  main  shaft  is  down 
COO  feet,  and  there  are  over  700  feet  of  drifts,  etc.  A  5-stamp 
mill  has  been  erected,  and  the  total  yield  of  silver  is  said  to 
be  $300,000.  The  Hannibal  is  the  first  extension  north  of 
the  Stonewall,  the  vein  being  of  the  same  size  and  of  a  similar 
character.  It  has  a  shaft  160  feet,  and  200  feet  of  drifts 
and  cross-cuts.  The  Washington  is  the  second  north  ex- 
tension of  the  Stonewall.  Its  shaft  is  down  100  feet.  The 
Centennial  and  the  Virginius  are  the  third  and  fourth 
extensions  of  the  Stonewall,  north.  The  former  has  a, 
shaft  25  feet,  and  the  latter  shows  several  feet  of  ore  that 
assays  $80  per  ton.  The  R.  E.  Lee  is  the  first  extension  south 
of  the  Stonewall.  It  is  a  large  vein  of  free-milling  ore; 
has  a  shaft  90  feet,  and  a  drift  75  feet.  The  Henry  Clay  and 
the  San  Francisco  are  also  on  tho  same  vein,  but  have  little  de- 
velopment. The  Democrat  and  the  Little  Mack  are  on  a  spur 
which  runs  into  the  Stonewall  vein.  They  have  both  produced 
very  rich  native  silver  ore,  the  total  yield  being  estimated  at 
$85,000.  The  North  Star  is  north-west  from  the  Stonewall.  It 
shows  a  ledge  from  3  to  8  feet  wide,  and  has  produced  ore  that 
has  gone  as  high  as  $1.000  per  ton.  The  mine  is  opened  by  a 
120-foot  tunnel  and  a  CO-foot  shaft.  Tho  Concord  and  the  Ne- 
vada are  promising  claims.  The  former  is  over  20  feet,  and  the 
latter  about  10  feet  wide,  with  a  tunnel  200  feet  in  length,  and 
shows  ore  going  from  $5  to  $60  per  ton. 

About  sixteen  miles  south  from  Globe,  on  the  southern  slope 
of  the  Final  mountains,  is  a  group  of  mines  which  show  large 
veins  and  high-grade  ore.  They  are  surrounded  by  a  fine  body 
of  timber,  and  never-failing  springs  of  water.  The  South 
Pioneer  is  the  most  prominent  mine  in  the  group.  It  is  a 
3-foot  vein  of  sulphuret,  rich  in  native  silver.  Assays  from  this 
ledge  have  gone  as  high  as  $20,COO  per  ton.  Work  is  pushed 
forward  steadily,  and  hoisting  machinery  and  reduction  works 
will  soon  be  erected.  The  property  is  being  opened  by  three 
shafts,  the  deepest  at  this  writing,  being  80  feet.  The  Pioneer 
is  one  of  the  finest-looking  properties  in  Gila  county.  The 
Great  Republic  shows  a  2-foot  vein,  assaying  $150  per  ton. 
The  ore  is  the  same  character  as  the  Pioneer.  The  mine  has 
a  shaft  80  feet  deep.  The  Missouri  mine  is  also  a  fine  property,, 
carrying  a  strong  vein  of  sulphuret  ore,  with  beautiful  speci- 
mens of  native  copper. 

Copper. — Gila  county  contains  some  of  the  finest  copper 
properties  in  the  Territory.  The  Globe  copper  mine  is  about 
one  mile  from  the  town  to  which  it  has  given  its  name.  It  was 
the  first  mine  located  in  what  is  now  Gila  county.  It  is  a  large 
vein,  and  has  been  taken  up  for  several  miles.  The  ore  is  a 
high  grade,  carrying  $25  in  silver.  The  True  Blue  is  one  of 
the  most  promising  copper  properties  in  the  district.  It  is 
opened  by  several  shafts  and  tunnels,  and  shows  3  feet  of 
ore  that  gives  an  average  of  30  per  cent.  A  smelter  of  30  tons 
5 


66  THE  RESOURCES  OF  ARIZONA'. 

capacity  is  nearly  completed  on  this  property,  which  is  situated 
about  three  miles  from  Globe.  The  O'Doherty  is  another  large 
vein,  carrying  high-grade  ore,  and  opened  by  a  shaft  50  feet 
deep.  About  eight  miles  from  Globe,  at  what  is  known  as  the 
Bloody  Tanks,  is  another  group  of  copper  ledges,  on  which  a 
smelter  of  30  tons  capacity  is  now  being  erected  by  a  New  York 
company.  The  Chicago,  New  York,  Old  Dominion,  and  Buf- 
falo are  owned  by  this  company.  The  veins  are  large,  and  the 
ore  is  said  to  be  of  a  high  grade. 

i  .  MOHAVE  COUNTY. 

Mohave  is  purely  a  mineral  region.  Its  agricultural  resources 
are  confined  to  a  strip  of  land  along  the  Big  Sandy,  and  to  the 
valley  of  the  Colorado.  There  are  portions  of  the  county 
which  afford  good  grazing,  but  mining  must  be  its  main,  and 
we  had  almost  said,  its  only  industry.  Almost  every  mountain 
range  within  its  borders  is  seamed  with  rich  veins  of  gold, 
silver,  and  copper.  The  distance  from  supplies,  the  cost  of 
freight,  and  the  want  of  proper  reduction  works,  have  hitherto 
prevented  the  proper  development  of  Mohave's  vast  mineral 
wealth.  The  building  of  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific  railroad, 
which  will  pass  through  the  center  of  the  mining  region,  as- 
sures for  this  county,  so  long  isolated  and  neglected,  a  bright 
future.  The  silver  ores  of  Mohave  are  mostly  sulphurets,  car- 
rying native  silver,  ruby  silver,  silver  glance,  and  other  rich 
combinations.  Chlorides  are  also  found,  and  some  rich  argent- 
iferous galena.  The  veins  are  nearly  all  inclosed  by  well-de- 
fined walls.  Water  and  wood  are  abundant  in  nearly  every 
locality.  A  band  of  prospectors  entered  Mohave  county  in 
1858,  and  explored  the  mountain  ranges  near  the  Sacramento 
valley.  It  was  not  until  1863,  however,  that  any  real  work  was 
done;  but  the  hostility  of  the  Hulpai  Indians,  who  killed  many 
miners  in  their  shafts,  compelled  the  abandonment  of  the 
country.  In  1871  and  1872  the  first  permanent  improvements 
were  made.  Since  then  Mohave  county  has  struggled  against 
every  obstacle  and  disadvantage  which  her  remote  situation 
naturally  entailed.  The  lack  of  reduction  works  necessitated 
the  shipping  of  the  ores  to  San  Francisco,  at  an  enormous  ex- 
pense. Ores  that  would  not  go  $500  per  ton  left  no  profit  for 
the  owner.  Despite  these  drawbacks,  the  county  has  steadily 
advanced;  the  great  richness  of  its  mines  has  been  proven  con-  ' 
clusively,  and  they  only  await  the  benefits  of  cheap  transporta- 
tion to  become  steady  bullion-producers. 

HDALAPAI  DISTRICT. — This  district  is  situated  in  the  Cerbat 
range,  about  35  miles  from  the  Colorado  river.  The  formation 
is  granite  and  gneiss.  Wood  is  plentiful,  and  water  in  sufficient 
quantities  for  milling  purposes.  The  veins  are  of  fair  size,  and 
the  ore  is  of  high  grade.  The  Lone  Star  has  been  worked  to  a 
depth  of  200  feet,  and  is  opened  by  over  300  feet  of  levels. 
It  shows  a  vein  of  rich  oro  over  18  inches  in  width  that 
assays  $150  per  ton.  The  ore  is  concentrated  and  shipped  to 
San  Francisco.  It  is  a  sulphuret,  carrying  considerable  base 


MINING  RESOURCES.  67 

metal.  This  mine  has  produced  over  $60,000.  It  has  steam 
hoisting-works.  The  Keystone  has  a  shaft  260  feet,  one  of  150 
feet,  and  over  400  feet  of  levels,  drifts,  winzes,  etc.  A  five- 
stamp  mill,  with  roaster,  has  been  erected  on  the  property,  and 
also  steam  hoisting  machinery.  The  mine  shows  a  2-foot 
vein  of  sulphuret  ore,  that  has  worked  $100  per  ton.  The 
property  is  owned  by  the  New  York  Mining  and  Milling  Com- 
pany, and  has  produced  over  $100,000.  The  Fairfield  is  a 
5-foot  vein  that  assays  $60  per  ton.  It  has  a  shaft  185  feet.  A 
tunnel  is  being  pushed  to  strike  the  vein,  which  is  now  in  1,000 
feet.  The  Stark. and  Ewing  is  an  extension  of  the  Keystone. 
It  shows  a  5-foot  vein,  and  has  a  shaft  40  feet.  The  Ithaca  has 
a  vein  ranging  from  1  to  2  feet  of  chloride  ore,  assaying  $70 
per  ton.  It  is  opened  by  500  feet  of  shafts,  drifts,  and  tun- 
nels. It  has  produced  about  $12,000.  The  Rattlesnake  has 
a  70-foot  shaft  and  a  75-foot  tunnel.  It  shows  3 '  feet  of 
chloride  ore  worth  $50  per  ton.  All  these  claims  are  in  the 
immediate  vicinity  of  Mineral  Park.  About  four  miles  north 
is  the  camp  of  Chloride,  which  shows  rich  ores  and  large  veins, 
among  which  may  be  mentioned  the  following:  The  Connor,  a 
3-foot  ledge,  assaying  $100  per  ton.  It  has  a  shaft  100  feet, 
carries  both  gold  and  silver,  and  has  produced  $20,000.  It  is 
owned  by  the  Arizona  Northern  Mining  Companj7.  The  Empire 
has  a  vein  of  rich  sulphurets,  and  has  turned"  out  $10,000.  The 
Schuylkill  is  a  3-foot  vein  of  carbonate  ore,  assaying  from  $50 
to  $75  per  ton.  It  is  opened  by  two  shafts,  one  65,  and  the 
other  40  feet.  The  Schenectady  has  a  shaft  80  feet,  with  a 
3-foot  vein,  running  from  $50  to  $70  per  ton.  The  Valley 
View  is  a  large  vein,  running  from  8  to  10  feet  wide,  with 
an  average  of  $40  per  ton.  It  is  opened  by  three  shafts  and 
one  tunnel.  The  San  Antonio  has  a  shaft  50  feet;  a  vein 
2^  feet  wide  of  free-milling  ore,  worth  $100  per  ton.  The 
Donohue  and  the  Rogers  are  also  fine  properties,  and  have 
produced  about  $18,000  each.  In  Todd's  basin,  about  four 
miles  south  of  Mineral  Park,  there  is  a  group  of  mines  which 
have  considerable  work  done  upon  them.  The  most  prominent 
are  the  Todd,  a  4-foot  vein  of  sulphuret  ore,  going  about  $60 
per  ton.  The  Oro  Plata  has  a  tunnel  100  feet,  and  several 
drifts  and  shafts.  It  has  a  4-foot  vein  of  free-milling  ore, 
that  goes  over  $50  per  ton.  It  has  produced  $80,000.  The 
Mariposa  shows  18  inches  of  chloride  ore,  worth  $150  per  tdii. 
It  has  two  shafts,  40  and  30  feet,  and  has  yielded  $10,000.  The 
Paymaster  is  a  vein  3J-  feet  wide,  assaying  $60  per  ton.  A  shaft 
has  been  sunk  50  feet.  The  mine  has  yielded  $15,000.  The 
Silver  has  a  shaft  35  feet,  and  a  body  of  ore  3  feet  wide  that 
averages  $80  per  ton. 

CEKBATis  about  seven  miles  south  of  Mineral  Park,  in  the  mount- 
ain range  of  the  same  name.  The  country  formation  is  granite. 
Wood  is  abundant,  and  water  in  quantities  sufficient  for  ore 
reduction.  The  ores  are  generally  of  a  high  grade,  but  most  of 
them  carry  sulphurets  and  require  roasting  before  being  milled. 
The  Cerbat  claim  has  a  4-foot  vein  that  assays  $100  per  ton. 


68  THE  RESOURCES  OF  ARIZONA. 

The  ore  is  a  sulphuret,  carrying  horn  silver.  It  is  opened  by  a 
Shaft  of  120  feet,  and  by  two  drifts,  80  and  65  feet.  The  ore 
carries  gold  and  silver.  A  complete  five-stamp  mill  with  a 
roaster  attached,  has  lately  been  erected,  The  mine  has  pro- 
duced -$25, 000  from  steam  arrastras.  The  property  is  owned  by 
the  Arizona  Northern  Mining  Company.  The  Fontenoy  shows 
a  vein  2J  feet  wide  that  assays  $125  per  ton.  The  ore  is  a 
chloride  of  silver,  and  the  mine  has  already  yielded  over  $30,000. 
It  is  opened  by  two  shafts,  110  and  75  feet,  respectively,  and  a 
tunnel  65  feet.  The  Seventy- eight,  formerly  known  as  the 
Sixty-three,  carries  a  vein  of  chlorides  from  1  to  3  feet  wide. 
Ore  from  ibis  mine,  shipped  to  San  Francisco,  has  yielded,  on  an 
average,  $350  per  ton.  The  mine  has  produced  in  the  neighbor- 
hood of  $300,000.  The  claim  is  opened  by  300  feet  of  shafts 
and  700  feet  of  tunnels.  The  Silver  shows  a  vein  from  2  to  4 
feet  wide,  that  assays  $80  per  ton.  It  has  a  shaft  80  feet  and 
50  feet  of  tunnels.  The  Flagstaff  is  opened  by  two  shafts,  one 
of  150  feet,  and  another  of  100  feet.  It  has  a  vein  3J  feet  wide 
that  averages,  by  assay,  $70  per  ton.  The  Gold  Bar  has  a 
3-foot  vein  of  gold  quartz  and  a  shaft  200  feet  deep.  Ores  from 
this  mine  have  been  worked  by  arrastra  process  with  satisfactory 
results.  The  Black  and  Tan  is  opened  by  a  tunnel  250  feet  in 
length,  and  a  shaft  75  feet.  It  shows  2  feet  of  ore  that  assays 
about  $100  per  ton,  and  has  yielded  $20,000.  The  Flores  has  a 
vein  of  free-milling  ore  3  feet  wide,  working  $50  in  gold,  and 
$20  in  silver.  It  is  opened  by  a  shaft  95  feet  deep  and  a  tunnel 
200  feet  in  length.  It  has  produced  nearly  $35,000,  the  ore 
being  worked  in  arrastras.  The  Yanderbilt  has  one  shaft  90  feet 
and  another  50  feet.  It  carries  gold  and  silver.  The  vein  is 
about  2  feet  wide,  and  the  ore  assays  $70  per  ton.  The  Tulare 
has  4  feet  of  ore  that  assays  $50  per  ton.  It  is  opened  by  a 
shaft  110  feet,  and  has  produced  over  $10, 000  in  gold  and  silver. 
The  Bay  State  is  a  carbonate  ore.  Its  vein  is  4  feet,  assaying 
$40  per  ton.  It  has  3  shafts,  90,  80,  and  30  feet.  The  New 
London  shows  3  feet  of  galena  ore,  worth  $50  per  ton.  Its 
deepest  shaft  is  95  feet,  and  it  has  produced  $9,000  in  silver. 
There  are  many  other  claims  in  the  Cerbat  camp  showing  good 
ore  and  large  veins.  Nearly  all  the  bullion  produced  has  been 
taken  from  ore  shipped  to  San  Francisco  by  poor  mine-owners, 
who  have  made  their  claims  pay  against  every  disadvantage. 

STOCKTON  CAMP  is  situated  on  the  eastern  slope  of  the  Cerbat 
range,  about  six  miles  south-east  from  Mineral  Park.  It  has  a 
delightful  situation,  fronting  on  the  Hualapai  valley,  and  is  only 
eight  miles  from  the  surveyed  line  of  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific 
railroad.  The  formation  is  granite;  wood  and  water  are  found  in 
abundance.  The  camp  has  been  self-sustaining,  having  received 
no  aid  from  outside  capital.  The  Cupel  has  produced  about 
$150,000.  It  is  a  2-foot  vein,  and  has  worked  $100  per  ton.  It  is 
opened  by  500  feet  of  shafts  and  drifts.  The  ore  is  a  sulphuret 
of  silver.  The  Prince  George  shows  a  3-foot  vein  that  assays 
$80  per  ton.  It  has  100  feet  of  shafts  and  has  produced 
$12,000.  The  IXL  has  two  shafts,  110  and  80  feet.  The 


MINING  RESOURCES.  69 

width  of  the  vein  is  3^  feet,  which  assays  $80  per  ton. 
The  Infallible  is  a  strong  vein  4  feet  wide,  with  ore  that 
averages  by  assay  $70  per  ton.  It  is  opened  by  five  shafts 
and  100  feet  of  drifts.  It  carries  gold  and  silver,  and  has 
produced  over  $5,000.  The  Tigress  has  18  inches  of  rich 
galena  ore,  worth  $150  per  ton.  It  is  opened  by  several 
shafts  and  drifts,  and  has  yielded  $25,000.  The  Little  Chief  is 
a  small  but  exceedingly  rich  vein.  It  has  nearly  200  feet  of 
shafts  and  other  openings.  The  ore  shipped  has  gone  from 
$400  to  $1,200  per  ton.  The  total  yield  has  been  about  $50,000. 
The  Cincinnati,  Bullion,  Silver  Monster,  Fountain  Head, 
Miner's  Hope,  and  many  others,  are  very  encouraging  pros- 
pects, with  every  indication  of  developing  into  paying  prop- 
erties. 

MAYNARD  DISTRICT. — This  district  is  in  the  Hualapai  mountains, 
twenty-eight  miles  east  of  Mineral  Park.  It  is  the  finest  wooded 
portion  of  Mohave,  and  is  producing  some  very  rich  ore.  The 
Atlantic  and  Pacific  railroad  will  pass  within  ten  miles  of  the 
mines.  The  American  Flag  is  the  leading  mine  of  the  district. 
It  is  a  2-foot  vein  of  sulphuret  ore,  giving  an  average  assay 
of  $100  per  ton.  It  is  thoroughly  opened  by  2,000  feet  of 
shafts  and  drifts.  Some  of  the  richest  ore  ever  taken  out  in  the 
Territory  has  come  from  this  claim.  It  has  produced  $70,000, 
the  ore  being  shipped  to  San  Francisco.  A  mill  will  shortly 
be  erected.  The  Antelope  shows  a  4-foot  vein  of  fine  sul- 
phuret ore.  It  is  opened  by  400  feet  of  shafts  and  drifts.  The 
mine  has  produced  $15,000.  The  Dean  has  a  large  vein,  nearly 
6  feet  in  width.  It  has  a  shaft  180  feet,  and  600  feet  of  tun- 
nels. The  ore  is  a  sulphuret  and  of  a  high  grade.  The  Mari- 
posa  is  opened  by  700  feet  of  shafts  and  drifts.  It  carries  good 
ore  and  has  yielded  nearly  $8,000. 

CEDAR  VALLEY  DISTRICT  is  about  sixty  miles  east  of  the  Colo- 
rado river  at  Aubrey  Landing,  and  about  sixty  miles  south  of  Min- 
eral Park.  "Wood  is  abundant,  and  water  for  ore  reduction  can  be 
had  at  the  Sandy,  fifteen  miles  distant.  The  veins  are  well  de- 
fined, in  walls  of  granite.  The  ore  is  a  sulphuret  of  silver.  The 
Arnold  shows  a  vein  18  inches  wide,  that  assays  $100  per  ton. 
It  has  a  shaft  60  feet,  and  a  tunnel  130  feet.  It  is  owned  by  the 
Arnold  Mining  Company,  and  has  produced  $20,000,  gold  and 
silver,  the  Silver  Queen  has  a  shaft  130  feet,  and  over  200 
feet  of  tunnels  and  cross-cuts.  Its  vein  is  3  feet,  assaying  $60 
per  ton.  A  5-stamp  mill  and  roaster  have  been  erected  on  the 
property  by  the  Hampden  Mining  Company.  The  Hibernia  is 
a  strong  vein,  4  feet  wide,  with  an  average  of  $60  per  ton. 
It  has  a  shaft  100  feet.  The  Hope  is  a  large  vein  and  has  some 
very  rich  ore.  It  is  estimated  that  it  has  yielded  $20,000.  The 
Bunker  Hill  is  a  2-foot  vein,  and  the  Congress  is  a  vein  of  the 
same  size,  both  carrying  good  ore.  These  are  only  a  few  of 
the  mines  of  Cedar  Valley.  There  are  scores  of  others,  well 
worthy  of  inspection. 

HACKBERRY  DISTRICT. — This  camp  is  about  30  miles  east  of 
Mineral  Park,  in  the  Peacock  range.  The  formation  is  a  granite 


70  THE  EESOUKCES  OF  ARIZONA. 

and  porphyry.  The  camp  was  at  one  time  the  most  prosperous 
in  Mohave,  but  the  stoppage  of  the  Hackberry  mine  has  caused 
it  to  become  almost  deserted.  It  is  expected  that  with  the  ad- 
vance of  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific  railroad,  which  will  pass  within 
three  miles  of  the  mines,  operations  will  again  be  resumed.  The 
Hackberry  vein  is  about  40  feet  in  width.  About  18  inches  of  this 
vein  carries  rich  silver  ore,  which  gives  an  average,  by  working 
process,  of  $200  per  ton.  There  is  one  shaft  of  400  feet,  another  of 
270,  and  one  of  180  feet.  The  mine  is  opened  by  levels,  drifts,  and 
cross-cuts.  It  is  estimated  that  the  total  yield  of  bullion  has 
been  over  $300,000.  A  fine  10-stamp  mill  and  roaster  have 
been  erected  on  the  property.  The  mine  is  owned  by  the  Hack- 
berry  Milling  and  Mining  Company.  The  Descent  is  a  small 
vein  of  rich  ore,  which  has  produced  nearly  $30,000.  It  has 
two  shafts,  one  of  90,  and  one  of  100  feet.  The  Hester  is  an 
extension  of  the  Hackberry.  It  has  two  shafts,  100  and  60 
feet  each.  It  has  produced  about  $10,000.  The  Hackberry 
South  is  a  4-foot  vein,  assaying  $50  per  ton.  It  is  opened  by 
several  shafts,  and  has  yielded  $15,000. 

SAN  FRANCISCO  DISTRICT  is  situated  nine  miles  east  of  Hardy- 
ville  on  the  Colorado  river,  in  the  Union  Pass  range.  It  was 
discovered  in  1863,  and  work  has  been  carried  on  there  at  in- 
tervals ever  since.  The  Moss  is  the  leading  mine  of  the  dis- 
trict. It  is  an  immense  gold  ledge,  nearly  40  feet  in  width, 
and  will  average  $12  per  ton,  from  wall  to  wall.  The  mine  has 
been  worked  extensively  in  years  past,  and  has  produced  some 
of  the  richest  gold  rock  ever  taken  out  in  the  Territory.  It 
has  one  tunnel  290  feet,  one  shaft  240  feet,  one  shaft  98,  and 
1,700  feet  of  levels,  drifts,  etc.  The  mine  has  produced 
nearly  $130,000.  Its  proximity  to  the  river  makes  this  a  valu- 
able property  for  those  who  have  the  requisite  capital  to  work 
it  properly.  The  San  Francisco  Moss  is  an  extension  of  the 
Moss.  It  is  a  vein  40  feet  in  width,  carrying  ore  that  averages 
all  the  way  across,  $6  per  ton.  There  are  many  portions  of 
the  ledge  that  go  much  higher.  It  has  300  feet  of  shafts,  drifts, 
and  tunnels.  The  West  Extension  is  an  18-foot  ledge  of  gold 
quartz,  with  a  60-foot  shaft. 

GOLD  BASIN  DISTRICT  has  just  been  organized,  and  is  situ- 
ated thirty-five  miles  north  from  Mineral  Park,  in  the  Cerbat 
range.  The  ledges  are  large  gold-bearing  quartz  dikes.  The 
El  Dorado  has  a  vein  from  2  to  4  feet  wide,  that  assays 
$40  per  ton.  The  Northern  Belle  shows  2  feet  that  will  assay 
$25  per  ton.  The  Golden  Rule  is  a  vein  about  one  foot  wide, 
assaying  $70  per  ton.  The  Poorman  has  a  foot  of  ore  worth 
$GO  per  ton.  The  Indian  Boy,  Harmonica,  O  K,  Antelope, 
Buckskin,  and  Banker,  are  all  very  fine-looking  prospects, 
assaying  from  $15  to  $100  per  ton,  in  gold. 

OWENS  DISTRICT  is  in  the  southern  portion  of  Mohave,  near 
the  line  of  Yuma.  The  formation  of  the  country  rock  is  granite 
and  porphyry.  Abundance  of  water  is  found  in  the  Sandy, 
which  flows  through  the  district.  The  camp  was  established  in 
the  fall  of  1874,  and  has  been  the  most  productive  portion  of 


MINING  RESOURCES.  71 

Mohave  county.  The  fame  of  the  McCracken  hns  extended 
n,ll  over  the  coast.  The  heavy  cost  of  supplies  of  all  kinds  has 
caused  the  temporary  stoppage  of  work  on  this  property,  but 
with  the  advent  of  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific  railroad,  which  will 
pass  within  forty  miles  of  the  mines,  work  will  no  doubt  bo 
resurnfid.  The  Alta  and  the  Senator  are  the  leading  mines  of 
the  district.  They  are  on  the  great  McCracken  lode,  which  cuts 
across  the  country  for  miles.  They  show  veins  of  free-milling 
ore,  from  6  to  37  feet  in  width,  which  have  worked  $35  per 
ton.  Over  $200,000  has  been  expended  in  work  and  in  improve- 
ments, and  more  than  $800,000  in  silver  has  been  taken  out. 
They  are  owned  by  the  McCracken  Consolidated  Mining  Com- 
pany. Two  mills  have  been  erected,  one  of  20  stiimps  and  one  of 
10  stamps.  The  ores  of  this  great  fissure  are  mainly  chlorides, 
bromides,  sulphides  of  silver,  with  some  galena.  Over  24,000 
tons  of  ore  have  been  extracted  and  worked.  The  mines  are 
opened  by  a  shaft  367  feet  deep,  sunk  on  the  line  between  them, 
and  by  five  adit  levels  run  on  the  vein.  In  size  of  vein  and 
free  character  of  its  ores,  the  McCracken  has  few  equals  in  the 
Territory.  The  San  Francisco  and  the  Atlanta  are  north  of  the 
Senator  and  Alta,  on  the  same  vein.  They  are  owned  by  the 
Peabody  Mining  Company,  and  have  produced  nearly  $200,000. 
They  show  about  30  feet  of  chloride  ore,  with  some  galena  that 
has  averaged  $30  per  ton.  The  San  Francisco  has  a  shaft 
300  feet,  and  over  300  feet  of  tunnels  and  drifts.  The  shaft  of 
the  Atlanta  is  down  150  feet.  It  has  also  a  tunnel  200  feet  in 
length.  "Work  is  carried  on  steadily..  The  Centennial  and  the 
Potts  mine  are  about  four  miles  south  of  the  Senator,  on  the 
same  vein,  have  had  considerable  work  done  on  them,  and  show 
largo  ore  bodies. 

GKEENWOOD  DISTRICT  adjoins  Owens  district  on  the  east.  Its 
principal  mine  is  the  Burro,  situated  on  a  creek  of  the  same 
name.  It  is  one  of  the  largest  veins  in  the  Territory.  It  shows 
35  feet  of  ore  going  from  $8  to  $300  per  ton.  A  shaft  has 
been  sunk  250  feet,  and  several  cross-cuts  made  on  the  claim. 
It  carries  gold  and  silver,  and  has  abundance  of  wood  and  water 
close  at  hand. 

YUMA  COUNTY. 

The  mineral  field  of  Yuma  county,  in  variety  and  extent,  will 
compare  with  any  portion  of  the  Territory.  Gold,  silver,  cop- 
per, and  lead  abound  in  its  mountain  ranges.  The  history  of 
mining  in  this  county  dates  back  to  1858,  when  Colonel  Snively 
discovered  the  rich  placers  at  Gila,  twenty-five  miles  east  of  the 
Colorado.  For  nearly  four  years  work  was  prosecuted  steadily 
at  this  point,  and  a  large  amount  of  gold  taken  out.  At  Mes- 
quite,  some  distance  south  of  the  railroad,  very  rich  placer  de- 
posits have  been  discovered  in  the  past  year,  and  thousands  of 
dollars  have  been  taken  therefrom.  In  fact,  that  portion  of 
Yuma  county  south  of  the  Southern  Pacific  railroad,  is  known 
to  be  rich  in  alluvial  gold,  but,  on  account  of  the  scarcity  of 
water,  "  dry  washing  "  is  the  only  way  by  which  the  mines  can 
be  worked.  The  first  mining  north  of  the  Gila  river  by  Aineri- 


-h 


72  THE  RESOURCES  OF  ARIZONA. 

cans  began  in  1862.  In  that  year,  Pauline  Weaver  discovered 
rich  placers  at  a  point  seven  miles  east  of  La  Paz.  The  fame 
of  these  discoveries  spread  far  and  wide,  and  within  a  year  over 
2,000  men  were  digging  for  the  yellow  treasure  in  the  mountains 
east  of  the  Colorado.  It  is  estimated  that  gold  to  the  value  of 
over  a  million  and  a  half  of  dollars  was  taken  out.  There  are 
yet  a  number  of  Mexicans  who  stick  by  the  old  camp,  and  con- 
siderable gold  finds  its  way  to  Yuma  and  other  points.  With 
the  decline  of  the  placer  deposits,  valuable  discoveries  of  silver, 
copper,  and  lead  were  made  in  the  mountain  ranges  that  run 
parallel  with  the  Colorado.  Some  of  those  discoveries  have 
proven  to  be  among  the  most  valuable  properties  in  the  Terri- 
tory. 

CASTLE  DOME  DISTRICT  is  situated  about  twenty  miles  north  of 
Yuma,  in  the  Castle  Dome  mountains.  The  district  was  dis- 
covered in  1863,  by  the  eminent  geologist,  Professor  Blake,  but 
owing  to  the  hostility  of  the  Indians,  nothing  was  done  until 
1869.  The  mines  are  about  seventeen  miles  from  the  river,  and 
surrounding  the  lofty,  natural  "Dome,"  after  which  the  range 
has  been  named.  The  formation  is  a  slate  and  porphyry.  The 
veins  are  found  in  fluor-spar  and  talc.  The  ores  are  a  galena 
and  carbonate  of  lead,  carrying  about  $35  in  silver,  and  from 
60  to  70  per  cent,  in  lead,  with  traces  of  gold.  The  ores  are 
concentrated,  hauled  to  the  Colorado  river,  and  shipped  to  San 
Francisco.  The  principal  mines  are  the  Railroad,  Flora  Tem- 
ple, William  Penn,  Pocahontas,  and  Caledonia.  They  are  owned 
by  the  Castle  Dome  Mining  and  Smelting  Company,  of  New 
York.  The  Flora  Temple  has  one  main  shaft  300  feet,  and  is 
thoroughly  opened  by  drifts,  tunnels,  winzes,  etc.  The  vein  is 
about  4  feet  wide,  and  the  average  yield  is  30  ounces  silver  and 
78  per  cent.  lead.  The  William  Penn  has  two  shafts  of  over  200 
feet  each,  connected  by  a  level  400  feet  in  length.  It  is  a  strong 
vein,  showing  good  ore  in  every  drift  and  stope.  The  yield  is 
about  the  same  as  from  the  Flora  Temple.  The  Pocahontas 
and  Railroad  have  each  a  shaft  250  feet,  and  are  connected  by 
a  drift  200  feet  in  length.  These  mines  show  large  bodies  of 
fine  smelting  ores,  and  go  about  35  ounces,  in  silver. 

The  mines  of  Castle  Dome  are  among  the  most  productive 
and  profitable  of  any  in  the  Territory.  Their  proximity  to  the 
Colorado  and  the  low  rates  of  freight  to  San  Francisco,  permit 
the  mining  of  ores  of  a  low  grade.  The  product  finds  a  ready 
market  in  San  Francisco  on  account  of  its  fine  smelting  quali- 
ties, being  used  principally  as  a  flux  to  more  rebellious  ores. 
It  is  estimated  that  these  mines  have  already  produced  nearly 
$2,000,000  and  from  present  appearances  they  promise  to  yield 
many  millions  more. 

SILVER  DISTRICT. — This  district  was  first  brought  to  notice 
nearly  fifteen  years  ago  by  Colonel  Snively,  the  discoverer  of 
the  Gila  diggings.  As  placers  were  then  the  only  mines  which 
were  thought  worthy  any  attention,  Snively  and  his  companions 
abandoned  the  district  and  it  remained  undisturbed  until  about 
three  years  ago.  At  that  time  George  Sills,  Neil  Johnson, 


MINING  RESOURCES.  73 

George  W.  Norton,  and  Gus  Crawford  relocated  many  abandoned 
claims  and  organized  the  district  anew.  Since  then  a  great 
many  discoveries  have  been  made,  some  valuable  properties 
have  been  developed,  several  important  sales  have  been  con- 
summated, and  Silver  is  to  day  the  leading  mining  camp  of 
the  county.  The  district  is  situated  on  the  Colorado  river 
about  forty  miles  above  the  town  of  Yuma,  and  about  five  miles 
from  the  stream.  The  formation  of  the  country  rock  is  mostly 
granite  and  porphyry,  the  surface  showing  some  traces  of 
volcanic  action.  The  character  of  the  ore  may  be  generally 
described  as  an  argentiferous  galena,  carrying  rich  sulphides, 
chlorides,  and  carbonates.  The  ore  is  generally  found  in  com- 
bination with  spar  and  quartz.  There  appear  to  be  three  main 
ore  channels  traversing  the  district,  having  a  north-west  and 
south-east  direction.  The  veins  are  well  defined  and  con- 
tinuous, showing  ore  bodies  of  unusual  width.  The  Bed  Cloud 
has  the  most  development  of  any  mine  in  the  district.  It  is  a 
large  vein,  10  feet  wide  at  bottom  of  shaft,  with  immense  crop- 
pings.  The  mine  was  purchased  from  the  original  locators  by 
the  Bed  Cloud  Mining  Company,  a  New  York  incorporation. 
The  company  have  sunk  an  incline  following  the  dip  of  the 
vein  274  feet,  and  have  started  a  working  shaft  which  is  down 
300  feet.  The  vein  is  also  opened  by  several  open  cuts  and 
drifts.  It  is  said  that  the  yield  of  bullion  has  already  reached 
$100,000.  There  is  a  20-ton  furnace  at  the  river,  five  miles 
distant,  which  is  working  satisfactorily. 

The  Black  Hock  shows  an  immense  outcrop,  and  appears  on 
the  surface  to  be  nearly  200  feet  wide.  The  property  has  been 
sold  for  $135,000.  A  shaft  has  been  sunk  100  feet,  following 
the  foot  wall,  from  which  very  rich  ore  has  been  taken.  The 
purchasers  of  the  property  are  pushing  the  work  of  develop- 
ment with  energy,  and  the  prospects  for  the  opening  of  a  valu- 
able mine  are  not  excelled  anywhere.  The  Pacific  adjoins  the 
Black  Bock,  and  is  owned  by  the  same  company.  It  is  a  vein 
similar  to  the  latter,  showing  fine  ore.  The  Iron  Cap  has  a 
shaft  200  feet  deep,  the  vein  between  the  walls  in  the  bottom 
being  fully  50  feet  wide,  showing  good  ore.  The  mine  is  owned 
by  the  Iron  Cap  Mining  Company.  The  Silver  Glance  has  pro- 
duced some  very  rich  mineral,  and  is  one  of  the  finest  proper- 
ties in  the  district.  Like  all  the  other  veins,  it  is  large  and  well 
defined.  A  tunnel  over  200  feet  in  length  has  tapped  the  ledge 
nearly  150  feet  below  the  surface.  The  Nellie  Kenyon  adjoins 
the  Bed  Cloud  on  the  north.  The  vein  in  some  places  shows  a 
width  of  30  feet.  The  ore  is  a  rich  galena,  combined  with  fiuor- 
spar.  By  assay,  the  yield  is  40  ounces*  in  silver.  The  mine  is 
comparatively  unprospected,  but  gives  every  promise  of  be- 
coming valuable. 

About  a  mile  to  the  eastward  of  the  above  mines  is  another 
ore  channel,  showing  some  fine-looking  properties,  among  which 
are  the  Hamburg,  Caledonia,  Yuma  Chief,  and  several  others. 
The  Caledonia  has  a  shaft  100  |eet,  and  carries  a  large  vein 
of  smelting  ore.  East  of  the  last-mentioned  group,  about  one 


74  THE  RESOURCES  OF  ARIZONA. 

and  a  half  miles,  is  the  Klara  camp,  in  which  is  located  many 
promising-looking  claims.  The  Klara  is  a  vein  over  30  feet 
wide,  seamed  throughout  with  ore.  The  property  is  being 
thoroughly  opened  by  shafts  and  cross-cuts.  The  Mamie 
shows  an  ore  body  15  feet  wide,  that  gives  an  average  assay  of 
40  ounces  of  silver  per  ton.  The  North  Star  is  from  12  to  40 
feet  wide,  and  carries  ore  worth  30  ounces  silver  per  ton.  The 
New  York,  Great  Republic,  Southern  Cross,  and  many  other 
locations  show  large  veins,  although  but  little  work  has  been 
done  upon  them.  Silver  District  has  a  desirable  location.  Its 
veins  are  among  the  largest  that  have  been  discovered  in  Ari- 
zona. Its  immense  outcroppings  show  true  fissures.  Its  ores 
are  easily  reduced,  and  of  a  good  grade.  With  all  these  ad- 
vantages, there  is  no  reason  why  it  should  not  take  a  foremost 
place  among  the  bullion-producing  camps  of  the  Territory. 

MONTEZUMA  DISTRICT  is  live  miles  south  of  Castle  Dome.  The 
veins  are  large,  many  of  them  being  40  feet  wide.  Assays  as 
high  as  500  ounces,  silver,  have  been  made  from  several  of  them. 
They  carry  gold  also,  and  copper.  Very  little  work  has  been 
done  in  the  district,  but  the  surface  prospects  are  most  en- 
couraging. 

ELLSWORTH  DISTRICT  is  about  sixty-five  miles  from  Sentinel 
station  on  the  Southern  Pacific  railroad,  in  the  north-east  corner 
of  Yuma  county,  and  near  the  line  of  Yavapai.  The  mines  are 
situated  in  a  rolling,  hilly  country,  covered  with  a  sparse 
growth  of  grass.  Mesquite,  ironwood,  and  palo  verde  grow  on 
the  hills,  and  water  is  found  in  sufficient  quantities  for  the 
milling  of  ores.  The  formation. of  the  district  is  a  granite  and 
porphyry.  The  veins  are  large,  with  bold  outcroppings.  The 
ores  of  Ellsworth  district  are  a  gold  quartz,  carrying  some  silver. 
The  camp  has  a  good  situation,  arid  will  undoubtedly  become 
one  of  the  leading  gold  camps  of  the  Territory.  .The  Oro 
claim  has  a  shaft  70  feet,  besides  open  cuts  and  tunnels.  It 
shows  5  feet  of  quartz  that  has  worked  $20  per  ton.  The  mine 
is  owned  by  the  Oro  Milling  and  Mining  Company.  A  five- 
stamp  mill  has  been  erected  on  the  property  and  $10,000  has 
already  been  taken  out.  The  Nabob  has  a  shaft  75  feet  and  a 
body  of  quartz  4J  feet  wide.  Assays  from  this  claim  have  gone 
as  high  as  $350  per  ton.  This  is  one  of  the  most  promising 
mines  in  the  district,  showing  large  croppiugs  and  well-defined 
walls.  The  Argenta  has  a  vein  4J  feet  wide,  some  of  which 
assays  as  high  as  $180  per  ton.  This  claim  carries  a  great  deal 
of  galena,  rich  in  free  gold.  The  Socorro  has  a  tunnel  50  feet 
in  length.  It  is  a  4-foot  vein  carrying  ore  that  goes  $25  per 
ton.  The  Richards  and  Ells  claim  is  opened  by  a  tunnel  100 
feet  in  length.  It  shows  4  feet  of  ore,  worth  $20  per  ton.  The 
Last  Chance  has  a  20-foot  shaft  and  shows  an  ore  body  4^  feet 
wide,  that  assays  $29  per  ton.  The  General  Grant  is  down  20 
feet,  and  has  ore  that  goes  $240  per  ton.  The  Hawkeye,  O  K, 
Peacock,  Ellis,  Oskoloosa,  Oro  Grande,  Turtle,  and  many  others, 
all  show  good  ore  and  larg^  veins.  But  little  work  has  been 
done  on  any  of  them,  but  what  has  been  done  is  sufficient  to 
prove  their  value. 


MINING  RESOURCES.  75 

PLOMOSA  DISTRICT. — This  district  is  about  thirty-five  rnilcs  oast 
of  Ehrenberg,  on  the  Colorado  river.  It  has  been  known 
since  1862,  and  has  some  largo  and  rich  bodies  of  copper  and 
silver  ores.  A  great  deal  of  placer  gold  WOfl  taken  from  this 
neighborhood  in  early  times.  There  is  plenty  of  mesquito  and 
palo  verde  growing  on  the  hills,  and  water  for  milling  purposes 
is  only  eight  miles  distant.  The  formation  is  granite,  slato, 
limestone  and  porphyry.  The  Miami  is  an  immense  outcrop  of 
gold  quartz,  running  through  a  hill  which  is  seamed  with  par- 
allel veins  its  entire  length.  This  ore  body  is  about  300  feet 
wide.  It  has  three  shafts,  60,  50,  and  40  feet,  respectively.  The 
ore  is  silver,  carrying  some  copper.  The  Apache  Chief  is  a  vein 
6  feet  wide,  assaying  well  in  copper.  A  largo  amount  of  work 
has  been  done  on  the  claim.  It  has  a  shaft  225  feet  and  a  tun- 
nel 100  feet,  following  the  vein.  The  Pichaco  shows  4  feet 
of  galena  ore  that  goes  $50  per  ton  in  silver.  It  has  two  tun- 
nels, 100  feet  each,  and  three  shafts,  the  deepest  being  100 
feet.  There  are  many  other  claims  in  this  district  well  worthy 
of  inspection  by  those  looking  for  desirable  investments. 

HARCUVAR.  DISTRICT  is  situated  about  thirty  miles  north  of 
Ellsworth,  and  about  the  same  distance  as  the  latter  from  tho 
Colorado  river.  It  contains  several  large  copper  veins,  which 
show  every  indication  of  permanency.  The  country  rock  is 
granite.  The  veins  average  from  5  to  15  feet  in  width.  Ores 
from  this  district  have  worked  37  per  cent. 

BILL  WILLIAMS  FORK  DISTRICT. — This  district  is  near  the  south- 
ern boundary  of  Mohave  county,  and  extending  west  to  the 
Colorado.  The  ores  are  copper  and  of  a  high  grade.  The 
Planet,  the  principal  mine  of  the  district,  was  discovered  in 
1863,  and  has  been  worked  at  intervals  ever  since,  yielding  over 
6,000  tons  of  copper  ore,  going  from  20  to  60  per  cent.  The 
ores  from  this  mine  have  been  shipped  to  San  Francisco.  The 
claim  is  opened  by  many  shafts,  drifts,  and  tunnels,  and  shows 
large  bodies  of  ore.  The  Centennial  and  the  Challenge  copper 
mines,  near  the  Planet,  are  also  fine  properties. 

MARICOPA  COUNTY. 

Although  generally  considered  an  agricultural  region,  Mari- 
copa  county  is  rich  in  the  precious  metals,  almost  every 
mountain  range  within  the  limits  of  the  county  showing  min- 
eral. The  north-eastern  portion,  embracing  tho  spurs  and 
foothills  of  the  Superstition  and  Mazatzal  ranges,  is  known  to 
be  rich  in  gold,  silver,  and  copper,  but  as  yet  has  been  but 
little  explored.  That  division  of  the  county,  south  of  the  Gila, 
is  known  to  contain  rich  silver  and  copper  deposits,  although 
the  development  thus  far  has  been  very  slight.  Maricopa  pos- 
sesses every  natural  auxiliary  for  the  mining  and  reduction  of 
ores,  besides  producing  all  the  supplies  necessary  for  the  suc- 
cessful prosecution  of  the  industry. 

The  Vulture  mine  is  situated  in  the  north-western  portion  of 
the  county.  This  great  lode  has  a  reputation  which  has  made 
it  famous  all  over  the  Pacific  coast.  No  mine  ever  located  in 


76  THE  RESOURCES  OP  ARIZONA. 

the  Territory  is  perhaps  «o  well  known  beyond  its  borders. 
The  mine  was  discovered  in  1863,  by  Henry  Wickenburg,  and 
worked  almost  continuously  by  an  Eastern  company  until  1873. 
The  high  rates  of  freight  and  the  cost  of  hauling  the  ore — $8 
per  ton — to  the  mill,  sixteen  miles  distant,  caused  a  suspension 
of  work  and  an  abandonment  of  the  property.  The  mine  was 
afterwards  located  by  other  parties,  who  erected  a  ten-stamp 
mill  Qn  the  Hassayampa,  twelve  miles  distant,  and  worked  the 
ores  successfully  for  several  years.  Three  years  ago  the  prop- 
erty passed  into  the  hands  of  the  Central  Arizona  Mining  Com- 
pany, and  since  that  time  the  mine  has  entered  on  an  era  of 
prosperity  it  never  l^new  before.  The  new  company  have 
brought  water  in  pipes  from  the  Hassayampa,  a  distance  of 
sixteen  miles,  and  have  erected  an  eighty-stamp  mill  at  the 
mine.  The  property  has  had  more  work  done  upon  it  than  any 
mine  in  the  Territory.  A  deep  excavation  on  the  surface  shows 
the  ore  body  to  be  nearly  100  feet  in  width.  A  depth  of  390 
feet  has  been  reached,  and  several  levels  and  cross-cuts  run  on 
the  vein.  The  ledge  lies  between  a  hanging  wall  of  porphyry 
and  a  foot  wall  of  talcose  slate.  It  is  situated  in  a  low  hill,  and 
at  a  depth  of  about  200  feet  the  vein  is  almost  vertical.  With 
the  present  arrangements  for  reduction,  the  ore  is  extracted  and 
milled  at  a  total  cost  of  $2  25  per  ton.  More  stamps  will  soon 
be  added,  and  the  yield  of  bullion  largely  increased.  The  Vul- 
ture has  produced  more  money  than  any  mine  in  the  Territory, 
the  total  yield  being  placed  at  $3,000,000  in  gold.  With  the 
immense  ore  bodies  in  sight,  and  the  appliances  for  reducing 
them,  we  may  look  to  see  many  millions  more  taken  from  this 
fine  property. 

CAVE  CREEK. — This  district  is  about  thirty  miles  north  from 
Phoenix,  in  the  southern  spurs  of  the  Verde  mountains.  The 
country  rock  is  slate  and  granite;  the  veins  are  of  good  size,  with 
well-defined  walls.  Water  is  found  in  abundance  from  three 
to  five  miles  of  the  camp.  The  Carbonate  Chief  shows  a  vein  of 
carbonate  ore  nearly  7  feet  wide,  assaying  $50  per  ton.  It 
carries  gold  and  silver,  and  is  opened  by  a  shaft  50  feet  in 
depth.  The  Panther  is  a  large  vein,  with  ore  similar  to  tho 
Chief.  It  is  opened  by  several  shafts  and  tunnels.  Both  of 
these  mines  are  owned  by  the  Panther  Mining  Company.  The 
Lion  is  a  4-foot  vein  of  gold  quartz.  Ore  from  this  mine  has 
worked  $40  per  ton.  It  is  opened  by  a  shaft  30  feet  and  a  drift 
60  feet,  and  has  produced  $10,000.  The  Kackensack  is  a  2-foot 
vein,  going  $40  per  ton  in  gold.  It  is  opened  by  a  shaft 
and  tunnel,  the  former  50  feet,  and  the  latter  GO  feet.  It  has 
yielded  $8,000.  The  Golden  Star  is  a  fine-looking  body  of 
quartz.  It  has  a  shaft  GO  feet  deep,  and  has  produced  about 
$10,000.  A  ten-stamp  mill  has  been  erected  on  the  claim. 
The  Hunter's  Best,  Maricopa,  Chico,  and  Catherine  are  all 
promising  prospects,  showing  large  ore  bodies. 

WINNIFRED  DISTRICT. — This  district  is  about  fifteen  miles  north 
of  Phoenix.  The  ledges  are  a  gold  quartz.  The  country  forma- 
tion is  a  granite  and  slate.  A  five-stamp  mill  run  by  water- 


MINING  RESOURCES.  77 

power,  has  been  erected  on  the  Grand  cannl,  four  miles  from 
Phoenix  and'  eleven  miles  from  the  mines,  where  the  ore  is  re- 
duced. This  is  a  new  camp,  but  promises  to  become  an  im- 
portant one.  The  Union  is  opened  by  a  75-foot  shaft,  and 
shows  a  vein  3J  feet  wide,  all  of  which  has  worked  $15  per  ton. 
.This  mine  is  worked  steadily,  and  promises  to  become  a  valu- 
able property.  The  Scarlet  has  a  vein  3  feet  wide,  assaying 
$50  per  ton.  It  has  a  shaft  20  feet  deep.  The  Gila  Mcmster 
shows  2J  f  eet  of  good  ore.  The 'claim  is  opened  by  a  40-foot 
shaft.  The  Bed  Dog,  San  Diego,  and  Mogul  are  all  fine  pros- 
pects. 

MYERS  DISTRICT. — This  district  is  about  forty  miles  south  of  the 
Gila  Bend  station  on  the  Southern  Pacific  railroad.  The  ledges 
show  strong  and  well-defined  fissures  filled  with  argentiferous 

falena  and  carbonate  ores,  assaying  all  the  way  from  $50  to 
5,000  per  ton.  "Wood  and  water  are  not  plentiful.  The  prin- 
cipal mines  are  the  Gunsight,  Silver  Girt,  Morning  Star, 
Crescent,  Monumental,  and  Atlanta.  Some  rich  copper  dis- 
coveries have  been  recently  made  in  the  mountain  range  south 
of  Phcenix.  The  ledges  are  represented  as  being  from  10  to  30 
feet  wide,  carrying  ore  which  assays  from  20  to  53  per  cent. 
But  little  work  has  yet  been  dpne  on  these  veins,  but  they  give 
every  promise  of  becoming  productive  copper  properties. 

GRAHAM  AND  APACHE  COUNTIES. 

Although  these  divisions  of  the  Territory  have  not  heretofore 
received  that  attention  from  mining  men  which  the  richness  and 
extent  of  the  mineral  fields  have  deserved,  it  is  well  known  that 
gold,  silver,  copper,  lead,  iron,  coal,  and  other  minerals  exist 
throughout  their  mountain  ranges.  Their  remoteness  from  the 
traveled  highways,  and  the  difficulties  and  cost  of  procuring 
supplies  and  material,  are  the  causes  which  have  retarded  the 
development  of  the  mining  interests  of  these  counties.  The 
streams  throughout  the  Sierra  Blanco  range  contain  placer  gold 
in  large  quantities,  and  have  a  sufficient  supply  of  water  to  make 
mining  for  the  metal,  with  proper  hydraulic  machinery,  profit- 
able. Although  the  formation  in  this  portion  of  the  Territory  is 
of  an  eruptive  character,  there  are  stretches  of  the  primitive 
rock  in  many  places,  giving  every  indication  of  containing  min- 
eral. But  little  prospecting  has  been  done  in  Apache  county; 
but  the  building  of  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific  railroad  through  its 
center  will  no,  doubt  give  an  impetus  to  this  as  to  all  other 
branches  of  industry.  With  its  great  coal-fields  and  salt  de- 
posits, of  which  we  "shall  speak  hereafter,  no  county  in  the  Ter- 
ritory has  greater  natural  facilities  for  ore  reduction,  and  no 
portion  of  Arizona  presents  a  more  inviting  field  for  the  searcher 
after  the  hidden  treasures. 

Graham  is  the  youngest  born  of  the  counties  of  Arizona,  and 
promises  to  become  one  of  the  richest  in  its  mineral  posses- 
sions. It  can  show  the  most  productive  copper  mines  in  the 
Territory,  if  not  in  the  United  States.  Gold,  in  alluvial  de- 
posits and  in  quartz  ledges,  is  found  in  many  of  its  mountain 


78  THE  RESOURCES  OF  ARIZONA. 

ranges,  while  silver  and  coal  are  likewise  among  its  resources. 
There  is  a  large  portion  of  Graham,  not  yet  prospected,  which 
gives  every  indication  of  being  mineral-bearing. 

The  famous  Longfellow  copper  mines  are  in  Graham  county. 
They  are  situated  on  the  San  Francisco  river,  a  few  miles  above 
its  junction  with  the  Gila.  This  region  was  known  to  be  rich- 
in  copper,  but  it  was  not  until  1874  that  mining  was  carried  on  to 
any  extent.  Before  the  building, of  the  Southern  Pacific  railroad, 
the  copper  mat  was  shipped  a  distance  of  700  miles  by  wagons 
to  the  nearest  railroad,  and  from  there  forwarded  to  Baltimore. 
Notwithstanding  the  enormous  cost  of  this  mode  of  transporta- 
tion, the  ore  paid  its  owners  a  profit.  The  deposit  appears  to 
be  a  regular  mountain  of  ore,  drifts  and  tunnels  having,  so  far, 
failed  to  find  anything  like  a  wall;  and  in  whatever  direction 
the  workmen  penetrated,  they  have  encountered  the  ore  body. 
As  a  consequence,  the  mine  resembles  in  some  respects  a 
quarry,  showing  metal  in  every  direction.  The  property  is 
owned  by  an  incorporated  company,  which  appears  to  be  a  very 
close  corporation,  not  disposed  to  let  outsiders  know  too  much 
about  the  "good  thing"  they  possess.  The  ore  is  copper 
glance,  red  oxide,  and  a  carbonate.  Extensive  reduction  works 
have  been  erected  on  the  San  Francisco  river.  The  yield  is 
about  14,000  pounds  daily,  which  will  soon  be  largely  increased 
by  additional  reduction  facilities.  What  the  total  yield  from  these 
mines  has  been  has  not  been  ascertained,  though  it  is  known 
to  reach  up  into  thousands  of  tons.  The  company  give  employ- 
ment to  a  large  number  of  men,  and  a  flourishing  camp,  known  as 
Clifton,  has  sprung  up  near  the  mines.  The  Detroit  Mining  Com- 
pany, operating  three  miles  from  the  Longfellow,  have  opened 
up  a  splendid  property.  They  are  putting  up  reduction  works, 
and  intend  to  connect  their  mines  by  abrancu.  road  to  the  Southern 
Pacific.  The  ore  is  equally  as  rich  as  the  Longfellow,  and  quite 
as  extensive,  and  will  no  doubt  prove  as  productive.  There  are 
many  other  copper  properties  in  this  region,  which  give  every 
promise  of  becoming  valuable. 

The  rich  gravel  deposits  of  the  San  Francisco  river  are  the 
most  extensive  in  the  Territory.  A  Boston  company  have  re- 
cently purchased  nearly  1000  acres  of  this  gravel  bed,  and 
are  making  preparations  to  work  it  on  a  large  scale.  Fifteen 
miles  of  piping  have  already  been  laid,  and  hydraulic  machin- 
ery will  be  erected  at  once.  These  gravel  beds  have  been 
thoroughly  prospected  by  shafts  and  tunnels,  and  show  gold 
in  paying  quantities  in  every  foot.  In  the  eastern  portion  of 
Graham,  and  lapping  over  into  Pinal,  is  De  Frees  district.  It 
is  about  ten  miles  south  of  the  Gila,  in  the  Pinaleno  mountains, 
and  about  sixty  miles  from  the  Southern  Pacific  railroad.  The 
camp  has  plenty  of  wood,  water,  and  fine  pasturage.  The  ledges 
carry  silver  and  copper.  The  formation  is  a  lime  and  porphyry. 
But  little  work  has  yet  been  done,  but  the  showing  is  most  en- 
couraging. The  principal  mines  are  the  Fairy  Queen,  a  4-foot 
vein  of  carbonates,  assaying  $40  per  ton;  the  Nez  Perces,  a 
C-foot  vein,  giving  assays  of  $GO  per  ton,  and  opened  by  a 


COAL  AND   SALT.  79 

forty-foot  shaft;  the  Silver  Glance,  showing  2  feet  of  ore 
that  assays  $80  per  ton.  The  Charter  Oak  has  a  shaft  35  feet, 
and  a  4-foot  vein  giving  $50  per  ton.  The  Calypso,  Ulysses, 
Ironclad,  Shotgun,  and  Iron  Cap,  are  all  encouraging  pros- 
pects. 


COAL  AND  SALT. 

Besides  its  gold,  silver,  copper,  and  lead,  Arizona  possesses 
immense  coal-fields  and  large  salt  deposits.     The  latter  article 
is  an  important  factor  in  the  reduction  of  silver  ores,  and  a 
prime  necessity  for  their  successful  treatment.     Arizona,  in  this 
respect,  is  endowed  beyond  her  neighbors,  and  nature,  while 
scattering  in  profusion  her  mineral  wealth  throughout  the  Ter- 
ritory, has  also  provided  the  agents  for  its  successful  working. 
About  100  miles  above  Phoauix,  on  Salt  river,  there  is  a  high 
bluff  composed  almost  entirely  of  salt.     From  this  bluff,  several 
springs  highly  impregnated  with  saline  matter,  flow  into  the 
stream.     The  river  above  this  point  is  pure  and  clear,  but  be- 
low it  has  a  strong  brackish  taste.     The  salt  is  of  a  fine  quality, 
being  remarkably  free  from  soda,  gypsum,  and  other  impurities. 
An  effort  to  erect  a  factory,  and  bring  the  article  into  market, 
has  not  proven  a  success,  owing  to  the  expense  and  difficulty 
of  getting  material  on  the  ground.     This  deposit  is  an  extensive 
and  valuable  one,  and  will  yet  prove  a  lucrative  investment  for 
those  who  have  the  requisite  capital.     Near  Camp  Verde,  in 
Yavapai  county,  there  are  several  large  salt  bluffs  or  hills.     This 
salt  carries  large  quantities  of  soda  and  magnesia.     It  is  used 
by  cattlo  raisers  for  salting  their  stock;   the  supply  is  almost 
inexhaustible,  and  the  salt  could  easily  be  freed  from  its  im- 
purities, and  made  to  answer  all  purposes,  dairying,  table  use, 
or  the  working  of  ores.     Salt  lagoons  are  met  with  in  several 
places  in  Apache   county.     The  principal  lake   or  lagoon  is 
near  the  line  of  New  Mexico.     About  1,000,000  pounds  are 
taken  yearly  from  this  lake,  and  with  proper  facilities  it  could 
be  made  to  produce  an  almost  unlimited  supply.     The  salt  is 
precipitated  to  the  bottom  of  the  lake,  wagons  are  driven  into 
the  shallow  water,  and  the  glittering  crystals  shoveled  in.    This 
is  one  of  the  most  valuable  salt  springs  on  the  continent,  and 
besides  supplying  cattle  raisers  in  Apache  and  portions  of  Yav- 
apai, furnishes  large  quantities  for  the  working  of  silver  ores. 
The  Atlantic  and  Pacific  railroad,  passing  within  a  short  distance 
north,  will  be  the  means  of  providing  a  larger  market  for  this 
valuable  article. 

Next  to  the  great  fields  of  Pennsylvania,  there  is  no  portion 
of  the  Union  which  can  show  such  immense  coal  measures  as 
Arizona.  This  coal  region  embraces  the  northern  division  of 
Apache,  and  that  portion  of  Yavapai  north  of  the  Little  Colo- 
rado. The  coal-field  extends  into  New  Mexico  on  the  east,  and 
Utah  on  the  north;  competent  geologists  have  estimated  its 


80  THE  EESOUECES  OF  ARIZONA. 

area  at  over  30,000  square  miles,  or  more  than  half  the  coal 
measures  of  the  United  States.  The  beds  vary  in  size,  from 
two  inches  to  thirty  feet.  A  gentleman  who  visited  these  coal- 
fields in  1873, ^ writes  of  them  as  follows:  "  Close  to  Fort  Defi- 
ance a  vein  exists  nine  feet  thick,  and  it  seems  to  possess  all  the 
qualities  of  excellent  bituminous  coal,  and  to  rank  next  to  an- 
thracite for  domestic  purposes.  *  *  *  I  see  no  reason  why 
it  should  not  be  pre-eminently  useful  for  generating  steam  and 
for  smelting  ores.  *  *  This  description  will  apply  to  all 

the  coal  in  the  great  Arizona  coal  basin.  *  *  *  The  next 
great  bed  of  coal  encountered  is  situated  about  twenty  miles 
north-west  from  the  Moquis  villages,  and  close  to  the  northern 
verge  of  the  Painted  Desert.  *  *  *  It  is  twenty-three  feet 
thick  and  boldly  crops  out  for  a  distance  of  three  miles.  This 
coal  is  close,  compact,  and  close  burning;  melts  and  swells  in 
the  fire,  and  runs  together,  forming  a  very  hot  fire,  and  leaves 
little  residuum.  It  resembles,  in  external  appearance,  the  Penn- 
sylvania bituminous  coal.  *  *  *  The  trend  of  the  coal-beds 
is  north  and  south,  and  overlying  this  great  deposit  is  drab 
clay,  passing  up  into  areno-calcareous  grits,  composed  of  an 
aggregation  of  oyster  shells,  with  numerous  other  fossils  which 
must  have  existed  in  this  great  brackish  inland  sea  about  the 
dawn  of  the  tertiary  period,  probably  in  the  eocene  age." 

A  peculiarity  of  this  great  coal  region  is  the  number  of  petri- 
fied trees  which  are  found  all  over  its  surface.  Whole  forests 
of  these  petrifactions  are  met  with  in  all  directions,  proving  that 
in  ages  past  the  country  was  covered  with  a  dense  growth  of 
timber.  Some  of  these  trees  are  three  feet  in  diameter  and  from 
fifty  to  sixty  feet  in  length.  The  railroad  on  the  thirty-fifth  parallel 
will  pass  south  of  this  immense  coal  deposit,  ancfa  branch  will 
no  doubt  tap  it.  There  is  here  coal  enough  to  supply  the  United 
States  for  ages  to  come. 

Bituminous  coal  of  an  excellent  quajity  has  recently  been 
discovered  on  Deer  creek,  a  tributary  of  the  Gila,  and  near  to 
the  point  where  it  enters  that  stream.  The  mines  are  in  Pinal 
county,  and  about  twenty  miles  east  of  the  mouth  of  the  San 
Pedro.  The  field,  as  far  as  has  been  ascertained,  is  about  three 
miles  long  and  two  miles  wide.  The  veins  are  from  three  to 
eight  feet  thick;  the  coal  makes  an  excellent  coke,  and  for 
domestic  purposes  it  is  said  to  be  unequaled.  The  coal-beds 
are  about  sixty  miles  north  of  the  Southern  Pacific  railroad, 
and  arrangements  are  now  being  perfected  for  the  running  of  a 
branch  which  will  open  a  market  for  this  valuable  deposit. 
Coal  of  a  fine  quality  has  been  found  near  Camp  Apache  and 
at  other  points  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  Territory,  but  no  effort 
has  yet  been  made  in  the  way  of  development. 

It  will  thus  be  seen,  from  this  hasty  glance  at  the  coal-fields 
of  Arizona,  that  there  is  here  abundance  of  the  article,  and  of  a 
good  quality.  If  anything  was  wanting  to  make  this  Territory 
the  greatest  mining  region  on  the  globe,  these  vast  coal  de- 
posits supply  that  want,  and  contain  an  inexhaustible  fuel 
supply  for  the  working  of  its  ores,  and  for  all  other  purposes  to 
which  it  may  be  applied. 


AGRICULTURE  AND  GRAZING'.  81 


BULLION  YIELD. 

No  truer  test  of  the  richness  of  Arizona  mines  can  be  found 
than  in  the  steadily  increasing  volume  of  bullion  which  is  find- 
ing its  way  out  of  the  country.  This  yield  has  more  than 
doubled  each  year  since  the  Southern  Pacific  railroad  entered 
the  mineral  fields  of  Southern  Arizona.  In  1880,  according  to 
the  report  of  Wells,  Fargo  &  Co.,  the  total  output  was  near 
$4,000,000.  This  did  not  include  the  raw  ores,  concentrations, 
and  placer  gold  shipped  through  other  sources.  The  yield  for 
1881,  reckoning  on  the  basis  of  the  present  monthly  produc- 
tion, will  be  about  $9,000,000.  This  estimate  does  not  include 
the  copper  product,  which  will  reach  4,000  tons,  worth  over 
$1,500,000.  Add  to  this  the  ores  and  concentrations  and  placer 
gold,  which  finds  its  way  out  of  the  country,  and  the  entire 
bullion  yield  for  the  present  year  will  be  over  $12,000,000,  thus 
placing  Arizona  third  on  the  list  of  the  bullion-producing 
States  and  Territories. 

This  is  a  good  showing  for  a  country  whose  total  shipment 
six  years  ago  amounted  to  only  $109,083 !  With  such  a  rapid 
increase  in  the  output  of  treasure  since  the  building  of  one 
railroad,  what  may  we  not  look  for  a  year  or  two  hence,  when 
Northern  Arizona  will  be  opened  by  another  transcontinental 
line,  and  the  leading  camps  north  and  south  will  be  tapped  by 
branches  ?  It  is  not  too  much  to  expect  that  the  Territory, 
now  third  on  the  list,  will  take  the  first  place  in  the  produc- 
tion of  the  precious  metals.  No  country  has  so  extensive  a 
mineral  field,  possesses  so  many  natural  advantages,  or  can 
.  show  ores  of  such  wonderful  richness,  lying  almost  at  the  very 
surface.  Some  of  the  most  eminent  geologists  and  mineral- 
ogists long  ago  predicted  that  the  region  now  embraced  within 
the  Territory  would  yet  prove  to  be  the  richest  mining  country 
on  the  globe.  The  soundness  of  their  judgment  is  at  last  being 
practically  demonstrated,  and  it  is  evident  that  Arizona  is  soon 
to  become  the  great  bullion-producer  of  the  world.  No  min- 
ing country  can  show  such  a  return  for  the  amount  of  capital 
invested;  none  presents  to  the  man  of  enterprise  more 
guaranties  for  success,  and  none  has  so  bright  a  future. 


AGRICULTURE   AND  GRAZING. 

Although  not  generally  considered  an  agricultural  country, 
Arizona  contains  some  of  the  richest  valleys  to  be  met  with  in 
the  United  States.  Cereals,  fruits,  and  vegetables  of  all  kinds 
are  raised  in  every  portion  of  the  Territory.  Wherever  water 
can  be  had  for  irrigation,  a  bounteous  yield  is  assured,  and  in 
the  southern  portion  of  the  Territory,  two  crops  in  the  same 
year  are  not  uncommon.  The  farming  land  of  Arizona  is  con- 
-6 


82  THE  RESOURCES  OF  ARIZONA. 

fined  at  present  to  the  valleys  of  the  principal  rivers.  There 
are  millions  of  acres  among  the  hills  and  mesas,  with  a  fine  soil 
and  agreeable  climate,  capable  of  producing  anything  grown  in 
the  temperate  or  semi-tropical  zones,  with  a  sufficient  water 
supply.  It  is  believed  that  by  the  sinking  of  artesian  wells, 
much  of  this  land  can  be  brought  under  cultivation,  and  what 
are  now  barren,  dreary  wastes,  be  changed  into  fields  of  waving 
grain,  with  comfortable  homes,  embowered  in  refreshing  shade. 
Artesian  water  will  cpnfer  untold  benefits  on  the  Territory,  and 
no  wiser  or  more  beneficial  measure  could  receive  the  support 
of  the  general  government.  There  are  about  45,000  acres  under 
cultivation  in  the  Territory  at  the  present  time,  and  there  are 
still  thousands  of  acres  unoccupied  in  the  valleys  of  the  Colo- 
rado, the  Gila,  and  the  Salt  rivers.  The  valley  of  the  Colorado, 
containing  the  richest  land  in  the  Territory,  is  subject  to  annual 
overflows,  and  has  been  farmed  only  to  a  limited  extent  by 
whites.  The  valley  of  the  Gila  is  settled  from  the  line  of  New 
Mexico  to  its  junction  with  the  Colorado.  It  contains  some  of 
the  best  land  in  the  Territory,  and  produces  large  crops  of 
grain,  fruit,  and  vegetables.  There  are  large  tracts  of  land  in 
this  valley  at  Gila  Bend,  and  at  other  points  where  there  is  suf- 
ficient water,  which  are  open  to  pre-emption.  Salt  River  val- 
ley contains  the  finest  body  of  agricultural  land  in  the  Terri- 
tory, and  produces  two  thirds  of  all  the  cereals  grown  in  the 
country.  There  is  plenty  of  water  at  all  seasons,  and  the  sys- 
tem of  irrigation  is  more  extensive  than  in  any  other  portion  of 
Arizona.  As  farming  will  always  be  a  lucrative  business  in  the 
Territory,  owing  to  the  limited  area  of  land  which  can  be 
brought  under  cultivation  and  the  large  population  who  will 
be  engaged  in  mining,  an  impartial  statement  of  its  capabilities 
as  an  agricultural  country  are  here  given  for  the  benefit  of  those 
svho  are  thinking  of  coming  hither  and  engaging  in  this  busi- 
ness; and  for  the  purpose  of  setting  forth  this  information  more 
clearly,  the  agricultural  resources  of  the  different  counties  are 
given  separately. 

MARICOPA  COUNTY. 

This  county  has  been  well- named  "the  garden  spot  of  the 
Territory."  It  has  the  finest  body  of  land  in  Arizona,  and  its 
farms,  orchards,  and  vineyards  will  not  suffer  by  comparison 
.with  any  portion  of  the  Golden  State.  The  first  settlement 
was  made  in  this  valley  a  little  over  ten  years  ago.  It  was  then 
a  barren  desert,  covered  with  coarse  grass,  sage,  and  cactus; 
to-day  it  is  one  of  the  loveliest  spots  on  the  Pacific  coast. 
Fields  of  golden  grain  and  blossoming  alfalfa;  extensive  vine- 
yards and  orchards;  beautiful  gardens,  brilliant  with  their  floral 
adornments  nearly  every  month  in  the  year;  groves  of  cotton- 
woods  and  lines  of  the  graceful  Lombardy  poplar  diversify  the 
landscape  in  every  direction;  and  to  crown  all,  tasteful  homes 
are  seen  peeping  above  their  leafy  surroundings  up  and  down 
the  river  as  far  as  the  eye  can  reach.  In  this  beautiful  and  pro- 
ductive spot,  wheat,  barley,  and  alfalfa  are  the  principal  crops. 
The  soil  is-  a  sandy  loam,  but  there  are  portions  of  the  valley 


AGRICULTURE  AND  GRAZING.  83 

which  are  a  heavy,  rich  adobe.  Up  the  river,  near  Mesa  City, 
the  soil  is  light,  but  well  adapted  to  fruits.  Besides  its  largo 
crops  of  grain,  Mcricopa  produces  the  finest  vegetables  in  the 
Territory.  Pumpkins,  squashes,  onions,  turnips,  cabbages, 
watermelons,  and  everything  in  the  vegetable  line,  are  raised 
in  large  quantities,  and  are  in  market  by  the  first  of  March. 

The  soil  is  peculiarly  adapted  to  the  raising  of  sugarcane, 
and  some  of  the  stalks  attain  a  height  of  over  twelve  feet.  It 
has  been  estimated  that  an  acre  of  this  cane  will  yield  200  gal- 
lons of  syrup,  of  an  excellent  quality;  it  also  makes  a  nutritious 
food  for  horses  and  stock.  There  are  about  1,000  acres  of  this 
valuable  plant  now  under  cultivation,  and  the  area  is  being 
steadily  increased,  many  farmers  finding  it  more  profitable  than 
the  raising  of  grain.  Figs,  peaches,  apricots,  and  grapes  do 
well  in  the  Salt  River  valley,  and  in  size  and  flavor  are  not  ex- 
celled on  the  Pacific  coast.  Apples  and  strawberries  are  culti- 
vated to  some  extent,  and  experiments  with  oranges,  lemons, 
and  other  semi-tropical  fruits,  have  shown  that  the  valley  ia 
peculiarly  adapted  for  their  successful  cultivation.  In  fact, 
there  is  no  country  west  of  the  Rocky  mountains  which  seems 
so  well  fitted  for  the  raising  of  fruits.  Climate,  soil,  and  situ- 
ation, all  seem  to  be  favorable,  and  the  valley  promises  to  be- 
come one  of  the  greatest  fruit-raising  regions  of  the  Pacific 
coast.  The  business  of  wine-making  is  being  gone  into  exten-  ' 
sively,  and  a  very  fine  article  is  produced,  which  in  body  and 
flavor  compares  favorably  with  the  best  California.  There  are 
at  present  500  acres  in  grapes,  150  acres  in  peaches,  50  acres 
in  apricots,  25  acres  in  figs,  besides  a  number  of  acres  in  ap- 
ples, strawberries,  oranges,  lemons,  etc.  Of  barley,  it  is  esti- 
mated there  are  over  5,000  acres  in  cultivation;  in  wheat,  5,000 
acres;  corn,  500  acres;  and  alfalfa,  2,000  acres.  The  average 
yield  of  wheat  and  barley  is  about  1,500  pounds  to  the  acre,  and 
the  average  price  received  by  the  farmers  is  about  $1  40  per 
hundred,  sacked. 

The  grain  is  sown  in  the  Salt-river  valley  in  October,  Novem- 
ber, and  December.  Harvesting  begins  in  the  latter  part  of 
May,  and  ends  the  first  of  July.  Everything  is  grown  by  irri- 
gation. From  three  to  five  floodings  are  necessary  to  raise  a 
crop  of  small  grain.  The  cost  of  irrigation  is  about  $2  50  per 
acre.  Where  the  land  is  favorably  situated,  it  is  estimated  that 
crops  can  be  raised  as  cheaply  by  this  plan  as  by  rainfall,  be- 
sides being  much  more  certain.  The  water  is  conveyed  over 
the  land  by  large  canals.  Owing  to  the  number  of  these  canals, 
a  large  quantity  of  water  is  wasted  and  lost  by  evaporation, 
which  could  be  utilized  with  a  proper  and  comprehensive  system 
of  irrigation.  The  farms  in  the  valley  extend  for  nearly  30 
miles  along  the  river.  The  amount  of  land  which  can  be  cul- 
tivated depends  entirely  on  the  supply  of  water.  There  are  at 
present  something  over  16,000  acres  reclaimed  from  the  desert; 
with  a  proper  irrigating  system,  it  is  believed  that  as  many 
more  can  be  made  productive.  Land  in  the  valley,  with  a 
water  right,  can  be  bought  for  $5  and  $10  per  acre,  according 
to  quality  and  situation. 


84  THE  RESOURCES  OF  ARIZONA. 

Maricopa  county,  besides  the  valley  of  the  Salt  river,  has 
some  fine  farming  land  along  the  Gila,  which  is  cultivated  at 
several  points.  The  land  is  fully  as  rich  as  that  on  the  Salt, 
but  the  supply  of  water  is  not  as  abundant.  At  Gila  Bend,  be- 
low the  junction  of  both  streams,  there  is  a  fine  body  of  land, 
capable  of  producing  all  kinds  of  grain,  fruits,  and  vegetables. 
Most  of  this  land  is  still  unoccupied,  and  open  for  pre-emption. 
Maricopa  will  always  be  the  leading  agricultural  county  of  the 
Territory,  and  in  a  few  years  the  region  of  country  which  has 
Phoenix  for  its  center  will  become  one. of  the  most  inviting  and 
productive  spots  on  the  coast,  rich  in  its  immense  fields  of 
grain,  and  beautiful  with  its  groves  of  orange  trees,  and  ita 
vineyards  and  orchards. 

PINAL  COUNTY. 

The  agricultural  land  in  this  county  is  confined  to  the  valleys 
of  the  Gila  and  the  San  Pedro.  For  a  distance  of  eighteen 
miles  along  the  former  stream  there  is  a  line  of  fine  farms,  and 
for  thirty  miles  up  the  San  Pedro,  the  valley  has  been  brought 
under  cultivation  at  different  points.  In  the  neighborhood  of 
Florence,  the  county  seat,  the  valley  of  the  Gila  is  over  a  mile 
wide,  and  contains  some  of  the  richest  land  in  the  Territory. 
Here,  as  everywhere  else,  irrigation  is  required  to  produce  a 
crop,  and  the  area  that  can  be  cultivated  depends  entirely  on 
the  water  supply.  Corn,  wheat,  barley,  alfalfa,  vegetables, 
and  fruits  are  raised  in  Pinal  county.  The  soil  is  a  rich  loam 
of  durable  fertility,  and  well  adapted  to  the  usual  agricultural 
products  and  semi-tropical  fruits.  There  is  no  more  beautiful 
sight  in  the  Territory  than  the  valley  of  the  Gila  surrounding 
Florence,  when  the  ripening  grain,  waving  fields  of  alfalfa, 
and  shady  groves  of  mesquite  and  cottonwood  are  in  their 
bloom.  There  are  thousands  of  acres  of  fine  land  above  and 
below  Florence,  which  are  lying  idle  for  the  want  of  water. 
It  is  believed  that  with  a  proper  system  of  irrigation,  double 
the  number  of  acres  now  under  cultivation  could  be  made  to 
produce  fine  crops.  There  is  evidence  in  the  ruins  of  the  Casa 
Grande  that  this  portion  of  Arizona  supported  a  dense  popula- 
tion at  one  time;  and  the  remains  of  the  large  irrigating  canals 
go  to  show  that  those  ancient  tillers  of  the  soil  had  a  much 
more  comprehensive  idea  of  the  irrigating  problem  than  their 
modern  successors.  The  number  of  acres  under  cultivation  in 
Pinal  county  is  estimated  at  6,000,  not  including  the  land  oc- 
cupied by  the  Pimas,  which  is  nearly  all  within  the  limits  of 
this  county.  The  yield  for  1880  was:  Barley,  1,000,000  pounds; 
wheat,  400,000  pounds;  corn,  350,000  pounds;  -besides  large 
quantities  of  hay  and  alfalfa.  The  yield  of  grain  to  the  acre 
was:  Barley,  1,500  pounds;  wheat,  1,200  pounds;  besides 
cereals,  beans,  potatoes,  onions,  cabbages,  turnips,  and  all 
kinds  of  vegetables  are  raised  in  abundance. 

Peaches,  grapes,  apricots,  pears,  figs,  quinces,  and  pome- 
granates, all  do  well  in  Pinal,  and  many  farmers  are  going  into 
the  business  extensively.  The  climate  and  soil  are  specially 


AGRICULTURE  AND  GRAZING.  85 

adapted  for  fruit  culture,  and  the  valley  of  the  Gila  yet  promises 
to  become  one  immense  orchard  and  vineyard. 

YAVAPAI  COUNTY. 

The  principal  body  of  farming  land  in  this  county  is  found 
along  the  valley  of  the  Verde.  This  valley  averages  from  a  few 
hundred  yards  to  a  half  a  mile  in  width.  The  soil  is  a  rich 
loam,  and  in  places  a  black  mold  of  great  fertility.  The 
river  bottom  is  settled  its  entire  length,  where  it  is  not  confined 
to  canyons.  There  is  plenty  of  water  for  irrigation,  and  good 
crops  are  raised  in  the  driest  season.  Corn,  wheat,  and  barley 
are  the  principal  productions.  Although  but  little  attention 
has  been  paid  to  fruit,  it  has  been  demonstrated  that  fine  grapes 
and  peaches  can  be  grown  in  this  valley.  Outside  of  the  Verde 
the  farming  lands  of  Yavapai  are  confined  to  small  valleys 
situated  from  four  to  six  thousand  feet  above  sea  level.  Among 
the  most  important  of  these  valleys  are  "Williamson,  Chino, 
People's,  AguaFria,  Skull,  Kirkland,  and  Walnut  Grove.  Their 
soil  is  generally  a  rich  mold,  formed  by  the  detritus  from  the 
surrounding  hills.  There  is  no  water  for  irrigation  in  most  of 
them,  and  farmers  depend  entirely  on  rain  for  the  raising  of  a 
crop.  Corn,  wheat,  barley,  alfalfa,  and  all  kinds  of  vegetables, 
are  raised  in  these  elevated  valleys,  their  greatest  drawback 
being  late  and  early  frosts  and  droughts.  Fine  apples  and 
peaches  are  grown  in  several  places,  and  grapes  in  some  secluded 
nooks.  The  number  of  acres  under  cultivation  in  Yavapai  is 
estimated  at  5,000,  although  no  reliable  data  can  be  had  from 
the  assessor's  office. 

PIMA  COUNTY. 

The  valley  of  the  Santa  Cruz  is  the  principal  agricultural 
settlement  of  this  county.  This  stream,  which  rises  in  the 
Huachuca  mountains,  sinks  in  the  thirsty  sands  for  more  than 
two  thirds  of  its  course.  Near  Tubac  and  Calabasas,  opposite 
Tucson,  and  at  San  Xavier,  the  stream  comes  to  the  surface,  and 
the  land  in  the  vicinity  is  brought  under  cultivation,  producing 
crops  of  cereals,  vegetables,  and  fruits.  The  valley  of  the 
Santa  Cruz,  opposite  Tucson,  has  been  cultivated  for  hundreds 
of  years,  and  shows  no  diminution  in  its  productiveness.  The 
soil  is  rich,  and  only  needs  water  to  grow  anything  that  is 
planted  in  it.  The  Sonoita  valley,  east  of  the  Santa  Eitas,  and 
about  sixty  miles  south-east  of  Tucson,  is  one  of  the  most  pro- 
ductive spots  in  the  southern  portion  of  the  Territory.  It 
extends  from  old  Fort  Buchanan  to  Calabasas,  nearly  thirty 
miles,  and  is  settled,  wherever  water  can  be  had,  the  entire  dis- 
tance. The  soil  is  a  rich,  dark  loam,  and  the  climate,  is  well 
adapted  for  fruit  raising.  This  valley  was  time  and  again 
swept  with  fire  and  drenched  with  blood  during  the  Apache 
wars,  and  the  graves  of  its  early  settlers  mark  the  hillsides  from 
one  end  of  the  valley  to  the  other.  The  valley  of  the  Arivaca, 
in  the  southern  part  of  the  county,  contains  some  good  land, 
but  it  is  claimed  by  a  "grant,"  thus  preventing  settlement. 


86  THE  RESOURCES  OP  ARIZONA. 

The  yield  of  cereals  in  Pirn  a  county  for  the  year  1880,  was  as 
follows:  Wheat,  1,000,000  pounds;  corn,  500,000  pounds; 
barley,  1,000,000  pounds.  This  yield  includes  the  products  of 
the  farming  lands  now  embraced  within  the  boundaries  of 
Cachise. 

CACHISE  COUNTY. 

The  agricultural  resources  of  this  county  are  confined  to  the 
valleys  of  the  San  Pedro  and  the  Babocomari.  The  former 
stream  rises  in  Sonora  and  flows  through  Cachise  and  Pinal 
counties  into  the  Gila.  The  valley  of  the  San  Pedro,  in  its 
upper  course,  is  sometimes  a  mile  in  width,  and  the  soil  is  of 
an  excellent  quality,  capable  of  raising  all  kinds  of  grain  and 
vegetables.  That  portion  of  the  valley  near  the  line  of  Sonora 
is  claimed  by  a  "grant/'  and  is  devoted  entirely  to  grazing. 
No  figures  have  been  received  as  to  the  number  of  acres  under 
cultivation  and  the  grain  yield  of  this  county. 

GRAHAM   COUNTY. 

This  county,  which  embraces  the  upper  valley  of  the  Gila, 
contains  a  large  body  of  fine  farming  land,  with  plenty  of  water 
for  irrigation.  The  Pueblo  Viejo  valley,  which  supported  a 
dense  population  in  times  past,  is  yet  rich  and  productive, 
yielding  large  crops  of  corn,  wheat,  barley,  alfalfa,  and  vegeta- 
bles. It  is  estimated  there  are  10,000  acres  under  cultivation 
in  Graham.  Large  tracts,  now  lying  idle,  can  be  made  pro- 
ductive by  extending  the  present  irrigating  canals.  The  soil  of 
this  portion  of  the  Gila  valley  is  similar  to  that  near  Florence. 
Fruits  of  all  kinds  do  well  in  this  region,  and  no  finer  potatoes 
are  raised  in  the  Territory.  The  first  settlements  were  made  in 
this  valley  in  1872,  and  at  the  present  time  it  is,  next  to  Salt 
river,  the  largest  producer  of  cereals  in  Arizona.  There  is 
here  an  opportunity  to  secure  a  comfortable  home  in  a  fine  cli- 
mate, and  near  to  a  profitable  market. 

APACHE  COUNTY. 

This  county  has  some  good  land  along  the  Little  Colorado 
and  its  upper  tributaries.  From  Springerville  to  Brigham  City, 
the  valley  has  been  brought  under  cultivation  wherever  water 
can  be  obtained.  Several  Mormon  colonies  have  settled  in  thia 
region,  and  have  raised  good  crops  of  corn,  wheat,  and  barley, 
besides  fine  vegetables.  This  part  of  Arizona  is  prolific  in  its 
growth  of  wild  flax.  This  fact  arrested  the  attention  of  tho 
Spanish  explorers,  who  called  the  stream  Bio  de  Lena,  or  Flax 
river.  No  effort  has  been  made  to  cultivate  this  fiber,  but  it  is 
believed  it  will  yet  become  an  important  branch  of  industry. 

GILA  COUNTY. 

Very  little  farming  is  done  in  this  county.  With  the  excep- 
tion of  a  few  gardens  along  Pinal  creek,  and  a  narrow  strip  on 
Salt  river,  there  is  no  land  within  its  limits — if  we  except  the 
San  Carlos  Indian  reservation — which  has  sufficient  water  to 


AGRICULTURE  AND  GRAZING.  87 

produce  crops.  There  is  some  fine  valley  land,  with  rich  soil 
and  a  delightful  climate,  which  could  l}e  made  to  yield  bounti- 
fully by  the  aid  of  artesian  water. 

YUMA  AND  MOHAVE  COUNTIES. 

These  two  counties  embrace  the  great  Colorado  valley,  which 
contains  thousands  of  acres  of  the  richest  soil  in  the  United 
States.  Owing  to  its  yearly  overflow,  the  valley  is  covered  with 
a  coating  of  vegetable  mold,  which  constantly  enriches  the  soil. 
Vegetation  is  very  rapid  in  this  valley.  Weeds,  grasses,  and 
wild  hemp  attain  an  amazing  height  in  a  few  weeks  after  the 
waters  have  receded.  In  fact,  everything  grows  in  tropical 
luxuriance.  If  kept  from  overflow,  no  better  soil  for  cotton, 
sugar,  hemp,  and  semi-tropical  fruits  is  found  on  the  continent. 
In  some  places  the  bluffs  come  down  to  the  stream,  and  at  other 
points  the  valley  is  from  one  to  five  miles  wide.  Below  Ehren- 
berg,  the  area  of  valley  land  is  much  greater  than  above.  To 
bring  the  waters  of  the  Colorado  by  canals  over  its  rich  valley 
and  prevent  the  river  from  overflowing,  would  no  doubt  be  an 
expensive  undertaking,  but  the  hundreds  of  thousands  of  acres 
of  magnificent  land  which  would  thus  be  reclaimed  are  a  prize 
worth  striving  to  gain.  A  company  has  been  formed  for  the 
raising  of  hemp  and  sugarcane,  which  has  already  begun  opera- 
tions in  the  valley  below  the  town  of  Yuma ;  but  with  the  ex- 
ception of  small  patches  cultivated  by  the  Indians,  the  rich 
valley  of  the  Colorado  is  still  virgin  soil.  Between  the  junc- 
tion of  the  Gila  and  the  Colorado,  there  is  a  tract  of  very  rich 
bottom,  by  some  estimated  at  30,000  acres,  all  of  which  could 
be  brought  under  cultivation  at  a  moderate  cost.  The  two 
largest  streams  of  the  territory,  flowing  on  either  side,  would 
give  an  inexhaustible  water  supply,  and  the  configuration  of 
the  ground  is  such  that  it  can  be  easily  irrigated.  There  are 
several  fine  ranches  along  the  valley  of  the  Gila,  in  Yuma 
county,  which  yield  good  crops  of  grain  and  vegetables.  The 
total  number  of  acres  under  cultivation  in  the  county  is  about 
2,500.  The  valley  of  the  Colorado,  in  Mohave  county,  presents 
the  same  features  as  in  Yuma,  but  is  not  so  extensive.  The 
soil  is  equally  as  rich  and  productive,  but  it  requires  capital  to 
open  canals,  throw  up  embankments,  and  put  the  land  in  a 
condition  for  successful  cultivation.  At  present  farming  in 
Mohave  is  confined  to  the  Big  Sandy,  in  the  southern  part  of 
the  county,  where  there  are  about  1,000  acres  under  cultivation, 
producing  fine  crops  of  grain,  vegetables  and  fruit. 

From  this  brief  summary,  it  will  be  seen  that  successful  farm- 
ing in  Arizona  depends  entirely  on  irrigation.  No  finer  crops 
are  raised  in  any  country  than  in  this  Territory,  where  water 
can  be  had.  There  are  thousands  of  acres  of  productive  land  in 
the  leading  valleys,  which  can  be  made  available  by  a  proper 
distribution  of  the  present  water  supply.  While  the  wealth  of 
Arizona  is  in  its  mines,  agriculture  will  always  be  a  profitable 
calling,  and  the  products  of  the  soil  command  a  good  price. 
There  is  no  land  more  prolific,  no  climate  more  equable,  and  no 


88  THE  RESOURCES  OF  ARIZONA. 

country  -where  the  Labors  of  the  husbandman  receive  a  more  gen- 
erous reward.  In  sajrtng  this,  however,  it  is  not  the  intention 
to  invite  hither  a  large  agricultural  population.  As  has  been 
before  stated,  the  area  of  land  which  can  be  brought  under  cul- 
tivation is  limited,  and  must  remain  so  until  artesian  "water 
shall  send  forth  its  fructifying  streams,  and  make  the  dry  valleys 
and  plains  to  blossom  as  the  rose. 


GRAZING. 

Within  the  last  few  years,  cattle  raising  has  become  an  im- 

Eortant  industry  in  Arizona.  The  fine  grasses  and  the  delight- 
il  climate  make  this  region  the  very  paradise  of  the  stock 
grower.  All  the  year  round  the  rich  grasses  cover  mountain, 
valley,  and  mesa.  Situated  between  the  extremes  of  temper- 
ature, subject  neither  to  the  fierce  "  northers"  of  the  South-west, 
nor  the  heavy  snows  of  more  northern  latitudes;  requiring  no  ex- 
pensive outlay  for  the  protection  of  stock  in  winter,  and  with  a 
range  which  is  only  limited  by  the  boundaries  of  the  Territory, 
there  is  no  portion  of  the  United  States  which  presents  a  finer 
field  for  the  successful  prosecution  of  this  industry  than  the 
Territory  of  Arizona.  Prior  to  the  year  1874,  the  business  was 
attended  with  many  difficulties  and  dangers.  The  marauding 
Apache  was  always  ready  to  swoop  down  on  the  flocks  and 
herds  of  the  settler,  and  the  industry  was  confined  to  the  imme- 
diate vicinity  of  towns  and  military  posts.  Since  the  "  disturb- 
ing element "  has  been  placed  on  reservations,  stock  growing  has 
made  rapid  strides,  and  large  bands  of  cattle  and  sheep  are 
found  in  all  portions  of  the  Territory.  No  finer  beef  is  raised 
in  the  United  States  than  is  produced  in  Arizona.  The  rich 
gramma  grass  which  covers  its  valleys  and  hills,  is  unexcelled 
for  its  fattening  qualities,  and  the  sweetness  and  flavor  which  it 
imparts. 

As  with  agriculture,  the  sinking  of  artesian  wells -will  be  of 
great  benefit  to  the  stock  interests.  There  are  millions  of 
acres  of  fine  grazing  land  now  lying  idle  which  could  be  made 
to  sustain  thousands  of  cattle  if  water  could  be  had.  That  flow- 
ing water  can  be  found  in  these  valleys  is  almost  certain.  Sur- 
rounded as  they  are  by  lofty  mountains,  and  forming  natural 
reservoirs  for  the  moisture  which  falls  upon  them,  they  offer 
every  encouragement  for  the  sinking  of  wells,  and  give  almost 
certain  guaranties  of  producing  an  abundant  suppty.  Hitherto 
no  effort  has  been  made  in  this  direction,  owing  mainly  to  the 
fact  that  the  grazing  lands  adjacent  to  the  streams  and  living 
springs  have  furnished  an  abundant  supply  for  the  stock  al- 
ready in  the  Territory.  Besides  the  home  market,  which  is 
steadily  increasing,  the  building  of  two  transcontinental  rail- 
ways opens  to  the  stockmen  of  the  Territory  the  marts  of  the  At- 
lantic and  the  Pacific,  and  of  Europe.  Beef  is  shipped  from  the 
northern  Territories  to  England,  at  a  good  profit,  and  there  is 
no  reason  why  Arizona  should  not  be  able  in  a  short  time  to 


AGRICULTURE  AND  GRAZING.  89 

supply  the  epicures  of  the  British  Isles  with  a  sample  of  bpcf 
far  superior  to  the  stall-fed  article  on  which  John  Bull  has  so 
long  prided  himself.  In  fact,  there  is  no  branch  of  industry  in 
the  Territory  which  oilers  superior  inducements  for  investment 
than  the  cattle  business,  nor  is  there  any  State  or  Territory  in 
the  Union  where  this  business  can  be  carried  on  with  less  ex- 
pense or  liability  to  loss.  While  thousands  pf  cattle  and  sheep 
are  annually  destroyed  by  cold  and  snows  in  northern  latitudes, 
cattle  graze  on  the  mountains,  hills,  and  valleys  of  this  favored 
land  every  month  in  the  year. 

What  has  been  said  of  cattle  will  also  apply  to  sheep.  The 
mutton  from  Arizona  grasses  is  noted  for  its  fine  flavor  and 
tenderness.  The  wool  is  of  a  prime  quality,  commanding  tho 
highest  price  paid  for  the  Pacific  coast  product.  A  superior 
breed  has  been  introduced  within  the  past  three  years,  and  tho 
yield  has  correspondingly  increased.  The  high  rates  of  freight 
have  been  the  great  drawbacks  to  successful  sheep  raising,  but 
the  railroads  have  done  away  with  all  this,  and  the  sheep  in- 
dustry of  Arizona  is  one  of  the  most  lucrative  branches  of 
business  in  the  Territory.  All  over  Northern  Arizona  the  short 
sweet  grasses  that  grow*  on  the  mesas  and  mountain  sides  make 
an  excellent  feed  for  the  animal,  and  in  many  of  the  valleys, 
the  alfileria,  or  wild  clover,  has  been  introduced  by  sheep  driven 
from  California,  and  is  attaining  a  strong  and  thrifty  growth. 
Sheep  are  sheared  twice  a  year,  the  average  yield  per  head 
being  about  six  pounds.  The  grazing  grounds  of  Yavapai 
county  are  among  the  richest  in  the  Territory.  The  snowfall 
of  winter  and  the  rains  of  summer  cover  the  whole  region  with 
a  heavy  growth  of  fine,  nutritious  grasses,  which  keep  stock  in 
prime  condition.  The  whole  of  the  Great  Colorado  plateau,  in 
Yavapai  and  Apache  counties,  affords  one  of  the  very  best  stock 
ranges  to  be  found  in  the  western  country.  -The  great  table 
lands  and  spurs  of  the  San  Francisco^  Sierra  Blanco,  and 
Mogollon  ranges,  are  at  all  times  covered  with  a  heavy  growth 
of  gramma  and  other  grasses,  while  the  climate  is  especially 
salubrious,  being  removed  from  the  oppressive  heats  of  summer 
and  the  heavy  snow  storms  of  winter. 

Pima  county  has  large  tracts  of  excellent  grazing  land  along 
the  Santa  Cruz,  and  in  the  -rolling,  grassy  country  south  and 
«ast  of  Tucson.  Large  herds  of  cattle  cover  these  plains  and 
hillsides,  and  keep  in  prime  condition  at  all  seasons.  This 
county  is  also  an  excellent  sheep  range,  and  ships  large  quan- 
tities of  wool.  The  building  of  the  Southern  Pacific  railroad 
has  opened  new  markets  for  the  beef  and  wool  of  Southern 
Arizona,  and  the  number  of  stock  is  increasing  rapidly.  Cachise 
county,  formerly  a  part  of  Pima,  has  extensive  ranges  in  the 
San  Simon,  Sulphur  Spring,  and  San  Pedro  valle}-s.  Although 
no  data  have  been  received  from  this  county,  it  is  known  that  it 
contains  a  large  number  of  sheep  and  horned  cattle. 

The  central  counties,  including  Graham,  Pinal,  Maricopa, 
and  Gila,  embrace  some  magnificent  grazing  lands,  thousands 
of  acres  of  which  are  unoccupied.  The  Arivaypa  valley,  in 


90  THE  KESOURCES  OF  ARIZONA. 

Graham  county,  supports  large  bands  of  horses  and  cattle;  the 
grasses  in  this  region  are  not  excelled  in  the  Territory,  and  the 
quality  of  beef  produced  has  no  equal  in  the  western  country. 

To  describe  fully  in  detail  all  the  ranges  in  the  Territory 
would  require  much  more  space  than  can  be  given  in  a  compila- 
tion of  this  nature.  Speaking  in  general  terms,  it  can  be  truly 
said  that  there  is  no  better  grazing  region  west  of  the  Rocky 
mountains  than  Arizona;  and  while  the  want  of  water  prevents 
many  portions  of  the  country  from  being  occupied,  there  is  yet 
room  for  thousands  of  cattle  and  sheep  where  water  is  abun- 
dant, where  animals  keep  fat  winter  and  summer,  where  the 
climate  is  all  that  could  be  desired,  where  disease  is  unknown, 
and  where  an  energetic  man.  with  a  small  capital,  who  under- 
stands the  business,  can  make  himself  independent  in  a  few 
years. 

Below  is  a  statement  of  the  number  of  cattle  and  sheep  in  the 
several  counties  at  the  present  time.  No  figures  have  been  re- 
ceived from  Gila  or  Cachise,  and  consequently  we  are  unable  to 
give  the  number  in  these  counties : 

Cattle. 

Yavapai 27,528 

Pima 18,000 

Graham 12,500 

Maricopa 6,000 

Final 5,000 

Apache 10,000 

Yuma 4,000 

^       Mohave 5,5CO 

Sheep. 

Apache 300,000 

Pima ...  50,000 

Yavapai 28,316 

Maricopa ? v . 15,000 

Pinal 2,000 

Graham 13,000 

Besides  cattle  and  sheep,  Graham  county  has  2,500  head  of 
horses  and  mules;  Pima  has  2,000  head  of  horses  and  500  head 
of  mules;  Maricopa  has  1,000  head  of  horses,  about  500  head  of 
mules,  and  over  4,000  hogs.  The  extensive  alfalfa  fields  of  this 
county  afford  excellent  feed  for  hogs,  flie  business  is  being  gone 
into  on  a  large  scale,  and  home-made  bacon,  equal  to  the  best 
California,  is  put  up  in  the  Salt-river  valley.  Yuma  county  has 
about  1,500  head  of  horses  and  mules;  Mohave  county  has  600 
head  of  horses,  and  150  head  of  mules;  Yavapai  county  has 
3,815  head  of  horses,  627  head  of  mules,  and  1,500  head  of  goats; 
many  of  the  latter  are  pure-blood  Angoras,  and  appear  to  do  ex- 
cellently well  in  this  climate. 

The  live  stock  throughout  the  Territory  is  being  steadily 
increased  and  improved  by  the  importation  of  pure  breeds,  and 
in  a  few  years  we  may  expect  to  see  the  immense  stretches  of 
grass  lands,  now  unoccupied,  covered  with  thousands  of  cattle, 
horses,  and  sheep. 


CLIMATE.  91 


CLIMATE. 

In  speaking  or  writing  of  the  climate  of  a  country,  it  has 
become  the  established  custom  to  allude  to  it  as  the  "  finest  in 
the  world,"  and  draw  a  comparison  with  the  "  glorious  skies  of 
sunny  Italy."  Most  generally  those  comparisons  are  far-fetched, 
and  have  no  real  existence  except  in  the  writer's  imagination. 
Arizona  needs  no  such  fictitious  aids  to  enhance  the  beauty  of 
its  climate.  She  can  show  as  bright  skies,  as  pure  air,  as  brac- 
ing an  atmosphere,  as  lovely,  cloudless  days,  as  brilliant  starlit 
nights,  as  that  land  over  which  poets  and  painters  have  raved, 
and  sane  people  have  gone  into  ecstasies.  The  climate  of 
Arizona  suits  all  constitutions.  In  the  south  it  is  warm  and 
dry,  while  the  elevated  plateaus  of  the  north  possess  a  cool, 
bracing  temperature,  well  adapted  to  persons  who  have  lived 
in  northern  latitudes.  The  winter  in  the  southern  portion  of  the 
Territory,  and  especially  at  Y.uma,  is  perfection  itself.  Speak- 
ing of  the  latter  place,  the  celebrated  traveler,  Ross  Browne, 
has  said:  "  The  climate  in  winter  is  finer  than  that  of  Italy. 
It  would  scarce  be  possible  to  suggest  an  improvement.  I 
never  experienced  such  exquisite  Christmas  weather  as  we  en- 
joyed during  our  sojourn."  This  portion  of  the  Territory  is  fast 
coming  into  favor  as  a  sanitarium  for  those  troubled  with  pul- 
monary diseases.  The  purity,  dryness,  and  elasticity  of  the 
air  make  it  unequaled  on  the  continent  for  the  cure  of  con- 
sumption, kidney  diseases,  and  rheumatism.  While  the  heat 
in  summer  is  high,  its  peculiar  drj^ness  prevents  any  injurious 
effects,  and  sunstrokes  are  rarely  heard  of  in  Arizona. 

There  is  no  climate  so  conducive  to  longevity.  This  is 
attested  by  the  great  age  reached  by  Mexicans  and  Indians 
born  and  bred  here.  Centenarians  are  not  uncommon  among 
these  people,  and  there  are  many  of  them  who  have  passed 
the  one-hundred  milestone.  Barred  by  the  peninsular  con- 
tinuation of  the  Sierra  Nevada  from  the  north-west  trade 
winds,  Arizona  has  to  depend  for  moisture  on  the  winter  snows 
that  fall  in  the  northern  part  of  the  Territory,  and  the  summer 
rains  that  are  borne  hither  on  the  wings  of  the  south-west  trade 
winds.  These  cloud-bearing  winds,  after  sweeping  over  north- 
ern Mexico,  reach  Arizona  about  the  first  of  July,  when  the 
rainy  season  commences,  and  last  until  the  middle  of  Septem- 
ber. "With  the  coming  of  those  rains,  the  summer  proper  of 
Arizona  begins;  grass  and  vegetation  spring  up  as  if  by  magic, 
flowers  cover  the  valleys,  plains,  mesas,  and  mountain  sides, 
and  all  nature  rejoices  at  the  watery  dispensation.  In  the 
mountains  of  northern  Arizona  the  snowfall  sometimes  reaches 
a  depth  of  four  or  five  feet.  It  rapidly  disappears  from  the 

Elains  and  valleys,  but  on  some  of  the  lofty  mountain  peaks, 
ke  the  San  Francisco,  it  remains  until  the  middle  of  summer. 
During  the  snowfall  in  the  upper  regions,  the  plains  and  val- 
leys of  central  and  southern  Arizona  are  blessed  with  copious 
showers.  The  spring,  though  dry,  is  one  of  the  most  delightful 
seasons  of  the  year.  In  the  northern  part  of  the  Territory, 
vegetation  takes  a  rapid  start  from  the  moisture  caused  by  tho 


92 


THE  RESOURCES  OF  ARIZONA. 


winter  snows,  grass  becomes  green,  and  continues  until  the 
summer  rains  bring  forth  the  vigorous  growth  of  rich  grammas. 

The  winter  climate  of  Tucson,  Tombstone,  Florence,  Phoenix, 
and  other  points  in  the  south,  partakes  of  the  character  of 
Yuma;  the  mild,  balmy  air,  the  days  with  their  clear,  cloudless 
skies,  and  the  nights  brilliant  with  countless  stars,  like  diamonds 
Bet  in  an  azure  field,  make  living  during  the  winter  months  in 
Southern  Arizona  a  luxury  found  but  in  few  spots  on  earth. 
The  winter  in  the  northern  portion  of  the  Territory  has  that' 
cool,  bracing  quality  found  in  elevated  regions;  its  spring  and 
summer  are  delightful,  the  nights  are  cool  and  pleasant,  mak- 
ing a  pair  of  blankets  a  comfortable  auxiliary  to  a  good  night's 
rest.  It  would  be  difficult  to  find  anywhere  a  climate  which 
possesses  the  golden  mean — not  too  cold  in  winter  nor  too 
warm  in  summer — of  the  plateau  of  Northern  Arizona.  As  a 
summer  resort  the  pine-clad  mountains  of  Yavapai  and  Apache 
counties,  with  their  springs  of  clear,  cold  water,  and  beautiful, 
grassy  valleys,  are  not  excelled  by  any  portion  of  the  American 
Union. 

Epidemic  diseases  are  unknown  in  Arizona.  Along  some  of 
the  water-courses  in  the  southern  part  of  the  Territory,  chills 
and  fever  of  a  mild  type  prevails  during  the  months  of  August 
and  September,  but  is  easily  broken.  It  can  be  truthfully 
said,  that  no  country  possesses  a  healthier  or  more  uniform 
climate.  The  air  is  dry,  pure,  exhilarating;  there  is  health 
in  every  breeze,  and  vigor,  long  life,  strength,  and  happiness 
under  its  glorious  skies.  Those  who  are  suffering  from  pulmonary 
complaints  or  rheumatic  affections  will  find  in  this  favored  clkne 
the  balmy  air  and  the  healing  qualities  to  build  up  their  shattered 
constitutions.  As  showing  the  temperature  at  different  points 
throughout  the  Territory  and  the  rainfall  for  a  year,  the  fol- 
lowing tables,  kindly  furnished  by  the  Signal  Service  bureau, 
are  appended. 

The  city  of  Tucson  is  2,500  feet  above  sea  levtel.  The  an- 
nexed fable  gives  the  maximum,  minimum,  and  mean  tempera- 
ture for  a  year,  together  with  the  rainfall. 


1880. 

Maximum. 

Minimum. 

Difference. 

Amount  of 
Rain-  or 
Melted  Snov? 
(Inches)  . 

January  

78.0 

14.0 

64.0 

0.56 

February  

77.0 

20.0 

57.0 

0  15 

March 

87  0 

35.0 

52.0 

0  41 

April  

88.0 

36.0 

52.0 

004 

May 

104  0 

44  0 

60  0 

0  00 

June  

1100 

GO.O 

50.0 

000 

July 

108  0 

65.0 

43  0 

1  62 

August  

106  0 

66.0 

40.0 

1  28 

September 

106  0 

58  0 

48  0 

1  89 

October  

940 

40.0 

54.0 

009 

November 

73  0 

300 

43  0 

0  00 

December  

80.0 

28.0 

52.0 

0  57 

92.  C 

41  3 

51.2 

0.55 

CLIMATE. 


93 


3$niperature  at  Fort  Yuma,  from  March,  1880,  to  March,  1881. 
The  fort  is  267  feet  above  sea  level. 


MONTH. 

Maximum. 

Minimum. 

Mean.  . 

1880. 
March  

73.97 

37.80 

55.88 

83.40 

45.10 

64.25 

May  

95.13 

53.45 

74.29 

103.53 

64.40 

83  96 

July 

105  26 

70  74 

88  00 

106  42 

70.42 

88  42 

September  

10000 

66  43 

83  21 

October  

91.19 

51.93 

71  56 

73.50 

36.10 

54.80 

December  

69.42 

37  35 

53.38 

1881. 

67  42 

32  09 

49  75 

78.46 

39.07 

58.76 

March   

79  70 

39  61 

59.65 

Table  showing  monthly  means  of  thermometer,  amount  of  rainfall, 
and  maximum  and  minimum  thermometer ,  for  the  year  ending 
June  30,  1881,  at  Prescott,  5,600 /e^  above  sea  level. 


MONTH. 

Total 
Rainfall  or 
Melted  Snow 
<  Inches). 

Monthly 
Mean  Ther- 
mometer . 

Maximum. 

Minimum. 

1880. 
July.. 

2.34 

72.6 

92 

45 

August  

2.80 

71.4 

92 

40 

September 

1  26 

64  4 

90 

29 

October  

0.18 

52.3 

77 

48 

November  . 

0  42 

36  3 

65 

_1 

December  .  .  „  

1  84 

37.8 

63 

*       11 

1881. 
January  ,  

0  16 

34.7 

62 

5 

February  

0.10 

40.8 

76 

10 

March  . 

2  91 

49  2 

78 

0 

April  

0.67 

56.8 

82 

26 

May 

044 

62  2 

89 

33 

June  

0.00 

71.3 

96 

38 

13.12 

54.1 

96° 

—1 

The  records  for  only  five  months  of  the  present  year  are  avail- 
able from  Camp  Grant,  situated  in  an  elevated  region,  nearly 
5,000  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  The  climate  is  among  the 
most  delightful  in  the  Territory: 


1881. 

Mean. 

Maximum. 

Minimum. 

January  

41.23 

56.12 

30.23 

February.  . 

48  09 

67  82 

37.17 

March  

50.06 

62.03 

39.05 

April  

62.98 

78.80 

47.10 

May  

70.26 

83.77 

54.64 

THE  RESOURCES  OF  ARIZONA. 


Mean,  maximum,  and  minimum  temperature,  and  amount  of 
rainfall  at  Fort  Afohave,  A.  T. ,  during  the  twelve  months  com- 
mencing July  1,  1880,  and  ending  June  30,  1881,  rendered  by 
A.  A.  Surgeon  John  F.  Minor,  U.  S.  A. 


Temperature. 

Rainfall 

Mean. 

Maximum. 

Minimum. 

(Inches). 

1880. 
Jnly           

91 

Ill 

67 

Angust  

89 

109 

63 

.81 

September 

82 

105 

58 

.07 

October           .  .'.  

70 

94 

50 

November                    . 

52 

85 

28 

December  

53 

70 

34 

.38 

1881. 
January              ...                 .  . 

49 

72 

30 

February   

59 

82 

35 

61 

96 

35 

.75 

Ap^il             

74 

98 

56 

.71 

79 

101 

62 

.01 

June 

86 

108 

68 

This  camp  is  in  latitude  35°  24',  and  longitude  114°  34'  west 
from  Greenwich,  and  is  600  feet  above  the  sea  level.  It  is  in 
the  valley  of  the  Colorado,  and  is  considered  one  of  the  hottest 
places  on  the  globe. 


RAILROADS,  TELEGRAPH  AND  STAGE  LINES. 

RAILROADS. 

The  completion  of  the  Southern  Pacific  railroad  across  Ari- 
zona marks  a  new  era  in  the  history  of  the  Territory.  No 
longer  is  it  an  unknown  land,  isolated  from  the  busy  centers  of 
civilization,  trade,  and  active  industry;  the  dangers  and  discom- 
forts of  long  and  dreary  stage  rides,  have  been  superseded  by 
the  luxury  of  the  palace  car,  and  a  trip  to  the  "  marvelous 
country,"  at  the  present  time,  will  be  found  both  pleasant  and 
profitable.  The  Southern  Pacific  enters  Arizona  at  Yuma  and 
crosses  the  Territory  between  the  thirty-second  and  thirty-third 
degrees  of  latitude.  Its  length  within  the  boundaries  of  Ari- 
zona is  over  400  miles.  Since  the  building  of  the  road, 
many  towns  and  mining  camps  have  sprung  up  in  the  country 
adjacent;  an  army  of  prospectors,  traders,  and  speculators  has 
filled  the  southern  counties,  and  the  steadily  increasing  volume 
of  bullion  which  is  finding  its  way  out  of  the  country,  is  an 
earnest  of  what  other  portions  of  the  Territory  will  do  when 
they  are  likewise  in  possession  of  rail  communication.  At 
Doming,  in  New  Mexico,  about  90  miles  east  of  the  Arizona 
line,  another  great  transcontinental  route,  the  Atchison,  Topeka, 
and  Santa  Fe  railroad,  forms  a  junction  with  the  Southern 


EAILBOADS,  TELEGRAPH  AND  STAGE  LINES.  95 

Pacific.  This  line  (Atchison,  Topeka,  and  Santa  Fe)  begins  at 
Kansas  City,  Missouri,  traverses  the  plains  of  Kansas  and  Colo- 
rado, enters  New  Mexico,  and  passes  down  the  Rio  Grande  val- 
ley, from  whence  the  main  line  turns  west  towards  Arizona, 
while  another  branch  follows  the  Eio  Grande  to  El  Paso. 
From  Deming,  the  Atchison,  Topeka  and  Santa  Fe  Company 
have  their  road  surveyed  to  Tombstone  and  Tucson,  where  it  is 
expected  it  will  connect  with  the  branch  which  is  now  building 
from  Guaymas,  through  the  State  of  Sonora.  The  opening  of 
this  great  thoroughfare  will  give  Southern  Arizona  direct  rail 
connection  with  the  Gulf  of  California,  as  its  junction  at  Dem- 
ing  with  the  Southern  Pacific  has  already  linked  it  with  the 
Mississippi  valley  and  the  Atlantic  seaboard.  Among  the 
branch  roads  projected  from  the  line  of  the  Southern  Pacific, 
is  that  from  Benson  station  to  the  city  of  Tombstone,  a  distance 
of  twenty-eight  miles.  Ground  has  been  broken  for  this  branch, 
and  it  will  be  finished  at  an  early  day.  A  branch  has  also  been 
surveyed  from  Wilcox  to  the  town  of  Globe.  The  length  of 
this  proposed  line  will  be  something  over  100  miles.  It  will 
pass  through  one  of  the  best  grazing  portions  of  the  Territory, 
by  the  lately  discovered  coal-fields  near  the  Gila,  and  will  open 
up  to  capital  and  imigration  that  rich  mineral  region  which  has 
Globe  for  its.  center. 

Another  branch  line  is  in  contemplation  from  Casa  Grande 
station  to  Final,  by  way  of  Florence.  It  will  pass  through  the 
rich  valley  of  the  Gila  and  penetrate  the  extensive  mineral 
region  embraced  in  the  Pioneer,  Pinal,  Mineral  creek,  and 
other  rich  districts  of  Pinal  county. 

The  Southern  Pacific  company  have  surveyed  a  line  from 
Yuma  to  Point  Isabel,  on  the  Gulf  of  California.  A  good  har- 
bor is  said  to  exist  at  that  place.  The  building  of  this  branch 
will  give  the  Territory  another  outlet  to  tidewater  on  the  gulf. 
A  line  has  also  been  surveyed  from  Yuma  to  the  rich  mining 
camps  of  Castle  Dome  and  Silver  district,  on  the  Colorado 
river. 

In  the  northern  part  of  the  Territory,  the  construction  of  the 
Atlantic  and  Pacific  railroad  is  making  rapid  progress.  This 
road  leaves  the  Atchison,  Topeka,  and  Santa  Fe  at  Albuquerque, 
and  takes  a  westward  course  across  the  Territory,  following 
nearly  the  thirty-fifth  parallel  of  north  latitude.  The  road  will 
pass  about  50  miles  north  of  Prescott,  the  capital  of  Arizona, 
and  will  cross  the  Piio  Colorado  at  the  Needles.  This  road 
will  have  termini  at  San  Francisco  and  San  Diego.  The  At- 
lantic and  Pacific  line  will  open  to  the  capitalist,  the  miner, 
and  the  stock  raiser,  some  of  the  finest  grazing  and  richest 
mineral  regions  to  be  found  on  the  continent;  it  will  also  pass 
through  the  best-timbered  portion  of  the  Territory.  A  fran- 
chise has  been  granted  by  the  last  Legislature  to  build  a  branch 
from  Prescott  to  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific.  The  distance,  as 
has  been  before  stated,  will  be  about  50  miles,  most  of  the  way 
over  a  smooth,  rolling  country.  The  extensive  mining,  farm- 
ing, and  grazing  interests,  of  which  Prescott  is  the  natural 


96  THE  KESOURCES  OF  ARIZONA. 

center,  require  the  construction  of  such  a  road,  and  it  will  no 
doubt  be  completed  within  a  short  time. 

Besides  the  roads  now  building  and  those  projected,  which 
have  been  mentioned,  the  Utah  Southern  is  being  pushed 
down  to  the  Colorado  river,  with  the  intention,  as  is  generally 
supposed,  of  seeking  an  outlet  on  the  Gulf  of  California.  This 
would  give  Arizona  a  connection  with  the  Union  ^Pacific  and 
another  route  to  the  East  and  West. 

From  this  brief  review  of  the  railroad  situation,  it  will  be 
seen  that  all  the  principal  po^ts  in  the  Territory  will  soon  be 
in  possession  of  rail  communication.  It  is  safe  to  say  that 
within  the  next  two  years  all  the  leading  towns  and  mining 
camps  will  be  linked  to  the  outside  world  with  iron  bands.  The 
benefits  which  cheap  freights  and  rapid  transit  wil1  confer  on 
the  Territory  are  almost  incalculable.  Besides  that  the  building 
of  the  road  on  the  thirty-fifth  parallel  will  give  the  people  of 
Arizona  a  competing  line  to  the  marts  of  the  East  and  the  West, 
it  will  help  to  maintain  a  healthy  competition,  and  prevent 
discriminating  and  oppressive  charges  on  freight  and  travel 
which  the  corporation  controlling  the  Southern  Pacific  have 
always  shown  a  disposition  to  indulge  in  when  there  was  no 
opposition.  •  • 

TELEGRAPH  LINES. 

The  Western  Union  Telegraph  Company  have  a  line  through 
the  Territory  along  the  track  of  the  Southern  Pacific  railroad, 
and.  connecting  at  Yurna,  Tucson,  and  Tombstone,  with  all 
points  east  and  west.  The  government  has  a  line  connecting 
all  the  principal  military  posts  throughout  the  country. 
Branches  of  this  line,  which  connect  with  the  Western  Union, 
run  to  Prescott,  Phoenix,  Florence,  and  other  towns.  It  is 
under  the  charge  of  the  Signal  Service  bureau,  is  a  great  con- 
venience to  the  people,  and,  for  years,  was  tlieir  only  means  ol 
quick  communication  with  the  outer  world.  From  Globe  to 
the  San  Carlos  Indian  reservation,  a  line  has  been  built  by  a 
stock  company  composed  of  prominent  citizens  of  the  former 
town.  At  the  latter  place  it  connects  with  the  United  States 
military  line.  With  the  completion  of  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific 
railroad,  another  telegraph  wire  will  stretch  across  the  northern 
portion  of  the  Territory,  bringing  the  chief  settlements  in  com- 
munication with  all  parts  of  the  civilized  globe. 

STAGE  LINES. 

The  mail  facilities  of  Arizona,  while  not  perfect,  are  better 
than  are  generally  found  in  the  remote  Territories.  Stage  lines 
connect  with  the  leading  towns  and  mining  camps  distant  from 
the  railroad,  and  mails  are  carried  with  regularity  and  dispatch. 
The  opening  of  the  Southern  Pacific  has  brought  the  Territory 
in  close  connection  with  the  East  and  West;  letters  from  New 
York  reach  Tucson  within  six  days,  while  Prescott  is  only  four 
days  distant  from  San  Francisco.  All  the  principal  towns  are 
supplied  with  daily  mails,  while  every  farming  settlement  or 
mining  camp,  of  any  size,  has  at  least  a  weekly. 


RAILROADS,   TELEGRAPH  AND  STAGE  LINES.  $7 

• 

From  Tucson  stages  run  to  Arivaca  daily,  connecting  with 
the  mining  camps  adjacent.  This  welKappointed  line  carries 
the  mails  to  Altar  and  other  points  in  Sonora.  Another  daily 
line  runs  from  Tucson  to  Hermosillo,  by  way  of  Calabasas. 
From  Tucson  to  Silver  Bell,  a  flourishing  mining  camp,  50 
miles  distant,  there  is  a  semi-weekly  line. 

From  Tombstone  to  Benson,  on  the  Southern  Pacific  railroad, 
there  are  two  daily  lines  of  six-horse  coaches,  carrying  mails 
and  passengers.  They  have  good  stock,  and  make  fast  time. 
A  tri-weekly  mail  is  carried  from  Tombstone  to  Harshaw,  pass- 
ing by  Camp  Huachuca.  A  daily  line  is  also  run  from  Tomb- 
stone to  Charleston,  and  a  tri-weekly  to  Bisbee.  There  is  a 
daily  line  from  San  Simon,  on  the  Southern  Pacific  railroad,  to 
the  prosperous  mining  camp  of  Galeyville,  in  the  Chiriculma 
mountains.  From  Wilcox  station,  daily  mails  are  carried  to 
Safford,  the  county  seat  of  Graham  county,  and  also  to  Globe, 
the  county  seat  of  Gila.  This  line  passes  by  Camp  Grant  and 
San  Carlos. 

A  daily  stage  connects  Casa  Grande  with  Florence.  From 
Florence  a  line  runs  to  Globe,  by  way  of  Riverside,  and  an- 
other daily  stage  carries  mails  and  passengers  to  Pinal  and  Sil- 
ver King.  This  company  have  good  stock  and  comfortable 
coaches. 

Phoanix  is  connected  by  a  daily  line  of  coaches  with  the  rail- 
road at  Maricopa,  and  by  a  daily  and  tri-weekly  line  with  Pres- 
cott. A  tri-weekly  mail  is  also  carried  to  Fort  McDowell. 

Prescott,   distant   140   miles  from  the   Southern  Pacific   at^ 
Maricopa,  has  one  daily  and  one  tri-weekly  line  of  coaches  to 
that  point.     These  stages  pass  through  Phoenix,  and  passen- 
gers have  the  choice  of  two  routes  to  Northern  Arizona  from 
the  south — by  way  of  Wickenburg,  and  by  way  of  Black  Can- 
yon.    Good  stock  and  roomy  coaches  are  run  on  these  lines. 
A  tri-weekly   line   runs  from  Prescott  to  Mineral  Park,  the 
county  seat  of  Mohave  county,  and  also  to  Alexandria,  a  mining; 
camp  30  miles  south.     A  new  line  has  been*  established  from 
Prescott  to  the  terminus  of  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific  railroad,  m 
which  will  be  increased  to  a  daily,  as  the  road  advances  west-" 
ward. 

Mohave  county  has  a  triweekly  mail  from  Mineral  Park  and 
Cerbat  to  Prescott;  there  is  also  a  tri-weekly  line  to  Port  Mo- 
have, on  the  Colorado  river. 

St.  Johns,  the  county  seat  of  Apache  county,  has  regular  mail 
connection  with  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific  railroad,  and  with  the 
southern  portion  of  the  Territory.  Yuma  has  a  tri-weekly  mail 
line  to  Castle  Dome,  Silver  District,  and  Ehrenberg.  Nearly  all 
these  lines  have  comfortable  coaches  and  good  stock.  Passengers 
will  find  eating  stations  at  convenient  distances.  The  traveling 
is  nearly  all  by  day,  and  no  pleasanter  trip  can  be  imagined  than 
a  ride  on  the  outside  seat  of  a  Concord  coach,  behind  a  good 
team,  over  the  ever-changing  panorama  of  mountain,  valley, 
and  table  land  which  make  up  the  bold  outlines-  and  wonder-  -, 
ful  perspective  of  Arizona  scenery. 
7 


98  THE  KESOUECES  OF  ARIZONA. 


THE  INDIAN  TRIBES. 

No  description  of  the  Territory  would  be  complete  without 
some  account  of  its  Indian  tribes.  For  years  the  name  Ari- 
zona was  indissolubly  linked  with  savage  massacres,  fiendish 
murders,  and  sickening  tortures;  it  was  the  "  dark  and  bloody 
ground "  of  the  frontier,  where  the  few  whites  who  had  the 
temerity  to  penetrate,  carried  their  lives  in  their  hands,  went 
armed  to  the  teeth,  and  kept  constant  watch  for  the  treacherous 
foe.  Perhaps  no  portion  of  the  American  continent  has  wit- 
nessed a  more  deadly  struggle  than  that  waged  by  the  pioneers 
of  Arizona  against  the  murderous  Apache. 

For  nearly  fifteen  years  this  warfare  was  maintained  by  the 
handful  of  whites  scattered  over  the  Territory  from  the  Utah 
boundary  to  the  Sonora  line.  Isolated  from  the  centers  of  pop- 
ulation, and  surrounded  on  all  sides  by  their  savage  foes,  the 
gallant  band  maintained  the  unequal  contest,  and  although 
hundreds  of  them  fell  victims  to  savage  treachery,  and  left  their 
bones  to  bleach  on  the  desert  plain  and  mountain  side,  the  red 
man  was  compelled  at  last  to  yield  to  his  destiny.  A  volume 
would  be  required  to  give  an  account  of  the  long  and  bloody 
struggle,  of  the  lonely  ambush,  the  midnight  attack,  the  hand- 
to-hand  encounter,  the  shrieks  of  women  and  the  cries  of  chil- 
dren, the  flames  of  burning  dwellings,  and  the  fiendish  yells  of 
the  infuriated  savages.  No  writer  of  Indian  fiction  ever  imag- 
,ined  more  desperate  combats,  more  hair-breadth  escapes,  more 
daring  courage  and  self-sacrificing  devotion,  than  the  history  of 
the  Apache  wars  in  Arizona  will  show  when  they  are  fully 
written.  The  savages  were  at  last  conquered  by  General  Crook 
and  the  gallant  ofiicers  and  men  under  his  command,  in  1874, 
and  placed  on  reservations,  where  they  still  remain. 

The  San  Carlos  reservation  is  situated  in  the  eastern  part  of 
the  Territory,  and  embraces  portions  of  Gila,  Graham,  and 
Apache  counties. '  It  is  a  well- watered  region,  and  has  some  of 
the  finest  farming  land  in  Arizona.  It  contains  at  present 
4,979  Indians,  divided  into  the  following  bands:  White  Mount- 
ain, Chiricahua,  Coyoteros,  San  Carlos,  Aguas  Calientes,  Mo- 
haves,  Yumas  and  Tontos.  With  the  exception  of  the  Yumas 
and  Mohaves,  all  the  Indians  on  this  reserve  belong  to  the 
Apache  family.  There  are  15,000  acres  of  land  within  the  limits 
of  the  agency  which  can  be  irrigated;  about  1,000  acres  have 
been  brought  under  cultivation,  and  250,000  pounds  of  barley, 
5,000  pounds  of  wheat,  and  nearly  800,000  pounds  of  corn  have 
been  raised  by  the  aboriginal  agriculturists  the  present  year.  A 
large  school-house  has  been  built  and  fitted  up  with  dormitories, 
dining-room,  bath-rooms,  etc.,  where  30  scholars,  all  boys,  re- 
ceive 'board  and  tuition.  The  reservation  is  in  charge  of  an 
agent,  with  the  following  assistants:  Clerk,  storekeeper,  phy- 
sician, chief  of  scouts,  blacksmith,  carpenter,  three  butchers, 
three  teamsters,  and  two  interpreters.  The  Apaches  at  this  res- 
ervation „ were  once  the  most  formidable  foes  of  the  whites,  and 


THE  INDIAN  TRIBES.  99 

the  Chiricahuas,  led  by  the  famous  chieftain  Cachise,  were  long 
the  terror  of  Southern  Arizona,  and  have  marked  every  mile  of 
the  road  from  the  Rio  Grande  to  Tucson  with  the  graves  of  their 
victims.  The  Apaches,  as  far  back  as  the  history  of  the  Terri- 
tory extends,  were  always  at  war  with  their  neighbors;  lived 
by  murder,  robbery,  and  rapine;  their  hand  was  against  every 
man,  and  every  man's  hand  was  against  them.  They  kept  the 
Pimas,  Moquis,  Papagoes,  and  other  semi-civilized  tribes  con- 
tinually on  the  defensive,  and  it  has  been  supposed  that  they 
were  the  destroyers  of  the  ancient  civilization  which  once 
flourished  in  this  Territory. 

The  tribe  is  divided  into  sub-tribes,  and  the  sub-tribes  again 
into  bands,  governed  by  petty  chiefs  or  captains.  In  their  civil 
polity  they  are  republicans,  pure  and  simple.  The  chief  or 
head  man  is  elected  by  the  popular  voice,  and  when  his  course 
becomes  obnoxious  to  the  majority,  he  is  lemoved  and  another 
chosen  in  his  place.  These  Indians  are  polygamists,  and  keep  as 
many  wives  as  their  fancy  may  dictate,  or  as  they  can  induce  to 
live  with  them;  they  indulge  in  no  marriage  ceremony,  but  the 
bridegroom  is  expected  to  make  a  present  to  the  bride's  father, 
when  he  carries  her  off  from  the  parental  wickiup.  The  women 
are  the  hewers  of  wood  and  the  drawers  of  water,  the  Apache 
braves,  like  all  other  Indians,  considering  it  a  degradation  to 
Work.  Since  their  removal  to  the  reservation,  however,  many 
of  them  have  laid  aside  their  pride,  and  plied  the  shovel  and 
the  hoe  with  commendable  vigor.  Their  moral  condition  is  like 
that  of  all  other  Indians  who  have  been  brought  in  contact  with 
the  whites.  In  their  wild  state,  infidelity  on  the  part  of  the 
wife  was  punished  by  catting  off  the  nose,  but  since  their  inter- 
course with  the  pale  faces,  they  have  adopted  a  less  severe  code. 
All  the  Apaches  are  inclined  to  spiritualism,  and  are  very  super- 
stitious; they  also  believe  in  witches  and  have  almost  implicit 
faith  in  their  medicine  men;  are  cremationists,  and  burn  their 
dead.  Their  habits  are  filthy;  they  have  adopted  many  of  the 
white  man's  vices,  and  none  of  his  virtues;  whisky  and  civiliza- 
tion are  too  much  for  them;  the  once  warlike  and  powerful 
tribe  of  the  Apaches  are  gradually  passing  away,  and  the  land 
of  which  they  were  once  the  absolute  lords  and  masters,  will, 
in  a  short  time,  know  them  no  more  forever. 

The  Pima  and  Maricopa  tribes  have  a  reservation  on  the  Gila 
river,  commencing  about  nine  miles  below  Florence  and  extend- 
ing down  the  stream  for  nearly  thirty-five  miles.  The  Maricopas 
were  once  a  part  of  the  Yuma  tribe,  but  in  the  middle  of  the 
last  century  they  allied  themselves  with  the  Pimas,  and  they, 
have  ever  since  lived  together  in  peace  and  harmony,  although 
their  manners,  customs,  laws,  religious  ceremonies  and  lan- 
guage are  as  distinct  as  if  they  were  thousands  of  miles  apart. 
The  tribes  number  about  5000,  500  being  Maricopas.  They 
live  in  small  villages;  the  houses  are  built  by  placing  poles  ten 
or  twelve  feet  long  in  a  circle  of  about  twelve  feet  in  diameter 
at  the  bottom,  and  fastened  together  at  the  top.  These  poles 
are  then  covered  with  grass  and  mud,  only  a  small  opening 


100  THE  RESOURCES  OF  ARIZONA. 

being1  left  for  a  door.  Each  village  is  ruled  by  a  chief,  who  is 
subordinate  to  the  chieftain  of  the  tribe.  All  disputes  between 
the  inhabitants  of  the  same  village  are  submitted  to  a  council 
of  the  old  men  for  settlement,  and  their  decision,  be  what  it  may, 
is  final;  in  disputes  between  residents  of  different  villages,  rep- 
resentatives from  all  the  hamlets  are  called  by  the  chief  of  the 
tribe  to  settle  the  differences.  They  are  polygamists  to  a  cer- 
tain extent,  and  an  annual  feast  and  dance  called  the  Tizwin 
feast,  is  held  in  the  early  summer,  when  all  who  so  desire, 
make  their  choice  of  mates  for  the  ensuing  year.  The  Mari- 
copas  are  cremationists,  while  the  Pimas  bury  their  dead. 

Besides  their  reservation  on  the  Gila,  a  large  tract  on  the 
north  side  of  Salt  river  was  set  aside  for  their  use  by  an  execu- 
tive order  dated  July  14,  1878.  They  cultivate  about  400  acres 
on  Salt  river,  and  on  the  Gila  something  like  800.  Their  wheat 
crop  averages  about  2,000,000  pounds  a  year,  and  is  much  su- 
peripr  to  that  of  the  whites,  both  in  cleanliness  and  quality. 
Corn,  beans,  pumpkins,  and  sorghum  are  also  raised  in  large 
quantities.  Living  down  the  Gila,  below  the  mouth  of  the 
Salt,  there  are  about  400  Papagoes  who  cultivate  nearly  400 
acres.  All  of  these  tribes  have  some  cattle  and  a  great  number 
of  ponies.  The  agent  for  the  Pimas  and  Maricopas  resides  at 
Sacaton,  on  the  Gila,  and  distributes  the  government  annuities 
among  them.  Two  schools  have  been  established  at  this  point, 
with  what  success  we  have  not  learned.  These  Indians  are 
peaceable  and  industrious;  besides  their  farming  they  manu- 
facture ollas,  baskets,  and  formerly  made  some  fine  blankets. 
Many  of  them,  by  their  industry  and  thrift,  have  accumulated 
property  to  the  value  of  several  thousand  dollars.  They  have 
ever  been  the  friends  of  the  whites,  and  during  the  Apache 
wars  their  doors  were  always  open  for  the  unfortunate  Amer- 
ican hard  pressed  by  the  foe. 

The  Pimas  were  settled  on  their  present  abode  when  found 
by  the  Spanish  explorers,  nearly  350  years  ago.  Then,  as  now, 
they  cultivated  the  soil,  and  manufactured  earthen  vessels,  and 
cotton  and  woolen  fabrics.  Their  farming  is  done  in  primitive 
style,  using  wooden  plows,  and  threshing  the  grain  by  spread- 
ing it  in  a  circle  on  the  earthen  floor,  and  driving  a  band  of 
ponies  over  it.  The  Pimas  are  good  warriors,  and  for  centuries 
resisted  successfully  the  attacks  of  their  hereditary  enemies, 
the  Apaches.  They  have  great  faith  in  their  medicine  men — so 
long  as  they  are  successful  in  effecting  cures.  Repeated  failures, 
however,  are  apt  to  lead  to  serious  consequences.  A  case  has 
lately  occurred  where  an  unfortunate  follower  of  Galen,  having 
sent  three  patients,  in  succession,  to  the  happy  hunting-grounds, 
was  taken  by  a  strong  guard  to  the  cemetery  near  Phoenix,  and 
summarily  dealt  with  by  having  his  brains  knocked  out  with  a 
club.  If  civilization  should  adopt  such  a  plan,  what  a  thinning 
out  there  would  be  in  the  medical  profession! 

The  Papagoes  were  partly  civilized  when  discovered  by  the 
Spaniards,  over  three  centuries  ago.  They  were  converted  to 
Christianity  by  the  early  Catholic  missionaries,  and  still  remain 
steadfastly  attached  to  that  faith.  Of  all  the  Indians  of  the 


THE  INDIAN  TRIBES.  101 

Territory,  they  arc  the  most  industrious,  virtuous,  temperate, 
and  thrifty.  They  live  by  cultivating  the  soil,  and  by  stock- 
raising.  They  have  always  been  peaceable  and  well-disposed, 
and  during  their  long  contest  with  the  Apaches,  they  rendered 
valuable  services  to  the  whites.  They  have  never  asked  or  re- 
ceived assistance  from  the  government,  although  no  tribe  has 
so  well  deserved  it.  They  speak  the  same  language  as  the 
Pimas,  and  are  supposed  to  be  a  branch  of  that  tribe;  but,  un- 
like them,  they  cut  their  hair,  wear  hats,  and  dress  after  the 
fashion  of  the  lower  classes  of  Mexicans.  Many  of  them  are 
employed  by  the  farmers  of  the  Gila  and  Salt-river  valleys, 
during  the  harvest  season,  and  have  proven  steady  and  faithful 
laborers.  The  tribe  numbers  about  6,000.  They  have  a  reser- 
vation on  the  Santa  Cruz,  south  of  Tucson,  where  they  raise 
considerable  wheat,  barley,  corn,  pumpkins,  melons,  etc.,  and 
a  great  mnny  cattle  and  horses.  Their  location  is  a  good  one, 
being  well  watered  and  timbered,  and  containing  some  of  the 
finest  laud  in  the  Territor}r.  A  number  of  them  still  live  in 
their  old  home,  the  Papagueria,  south-west  of  Tucson,  engaged 
principally  in  stock-raising.  The  Papagoes  are  in  charge  of 
the  agent  at  Sacaton.  A  school  is  maintained  for  their  benefit,  at 
San  Xavier,  by  the  Sisters  of  St.  Joseph,  and  is  largely  attended. 

The  Colorado  River  reservation  was  established  by  act  of 
Congress,  March  3, 1865.  Since  then  it  has  been  enlarged,  and 
contains  at  the  present  time  about  140  square  miles,  situated 
between  Ehrenberg  and  La  Paz,  with  a  total  Indian  population 
of  1,010,  composed  of  the  folio  wing  tribes:  Chim-e-hue-vis,  208; 
Mohaves,  802.  Besides  the  agent  in  charge,  there  is  a  physi- 
cian, clerk,  farmer,  carpenter,  blacksmith,  teacher,  matron,  and 
cook.  It  is  said  that  the  morals  of  these  Indians  are  better 
than  could  have  been  expected  from  their  lax  marriage  rules; 
f '  prostitution  is  not  universal  by  any  means,  and  is  confined  to 
a  few  depraved  women  of  the  tribes."  The  Indians  on  this 
reservation  cultivate  small  patches  of  ground  along  the  Colo- 
rado, raising  corn,  wheat,  melons,  pumpkins,  etc.  The  govern- 
ment has  expended  large  sums  in  opening  irrigating  canals,  and 
it  is  hoped  that  they  may  soon  become  self-sustaining.  They 
were  once  in  active  hostility  against  the  whites,  but  the  crush- 
ing defeat  they  received  at  the  hands  of  Colonel  Hoffman,  in 
1859,  completely  broke  their  spirit,  and  they  have  never  since 
shown  any  disposition  to  go  on  the  war-path. 

The  Yumas  live  on  the  Colorado  river,  ranging  from  Yuma 
down  towards  the  gulf.  They  raise  some  corn  and  vege- 
tables on  the  Colorado  bottoms,  but  spend  most  of  their  time 
loafing  around  the  streets  of  the  town,  doing  small  jobs  and  car- 
rying messages  for  the  whites.  They  were  once  a  powerful  tribe, 
but  intemperance  and  immorality  have  done  their  work  upon 
them,  and  they  are  now  the  lowest  and  most  debased  of  all  the 
Indians  in  the  Territory. 

The  Hualapais  live  in  the  mountains  of  Mohave  county. 
They  are  a  brave  and  warlike  race,  and  gave  the  early  settlers 
a  great  deal  of  trouble.  They  were  placed  on  the  Colorado 
reservation,  but  the  enervating  climate  of  the  river  bottoms  was 


102  THE  BESOUECES  OF  ARIZONA. 

fatal  to  Indians  accustomed  to  th'e  purer  air  of  the  more  elevated 
regions,  and  they  were  allowed  to  return  to  their  native  hills. 
They  are  industrious,  and  many  of  them  find  employment  at  the 
settlements  and  mining  camps  throughout  the  county.  They 
are  generally  self-supporting,  though  the  government  occasion- 
ally issues  them  supplies.  The  Hualapais  did  good  service 
during  the  Apache  wars,  several  companies  enlisting  as  scouts, 
and  fighting  bravely  by  the  side  of  the  troops.  They  have  be- 
come debased  by  their  intercourse  with  the  whites,  and  are 
rapidly  decreasing.  They  number  about  700,  divided  into  bands. 

The  Ava-Supies  live  in  the  deep  canyon  of  Cataract  creek, 
a  tributary  of  the  Colorado,  which  rises  in  Bill  Williams  mount- 
ain, north  of  Prescott.  The  band  numbers  about  300  men, 
women  and  children.  The  narrow  valley  in  which  they  live 
averages  from  100  to  400  yards  wide,  with  walls  of  sandstone 
from  2,000  to  4,000  feet,  rising  perpendicularly  on  either  side. 
Down  in  this  beautiful  glen  the  climate  is  almost  perpetual 
summer;  and  while  the  icy  winds  sweep  over  the  elevated 
plateau,  the  lovely  vale  below  sees  the  flowers  bloom  and  the 
grass  green  all  the  year  round.  Through  the  center  of  this  val- 
ley runs  a  clear  stream;  the  soil  is  rich  and  easily  cultivated, 
producing  grain  and  vegetables  of  all  kinds,  also  fine  peaches 
and  other  fruits.  A  trail  leads  down  the  sides  of  the  perpen- 
dicular cliffs,  from  three  to  six  feet  wide,  and  requires  a  steady 
nerve  to  pass  over  it  in  safety.  Thus,  literally  shut  out  from 
the  world,  the  Supies  live  in  their  beautiful  canyon,  blessed 
with  everything  to  supply  their  few  and  simple  wants.  They 
do  a  large  trade  in  buckskins  and  dried  fruits  with  the  Huala- 
pais, Moquis,  and  other  Indians.  They  are  peaceful,  industri- 
ous, and  contented,  and  warmly  attached  to  their  homes;  are 
kind  and  hospitable  to  strangers,  and  are,  in  all  respects,  the 
most  remarkable  tribe  in  the  Territory. 

The  Moquis  occupy  several  villages  in  the  north-eastern  por- 
tion of  the  Territory.  Their  "pueblos"  are  situated  on  rocky 
cliffs  from  three  to  six  hundred  feet  above  the  level  of  the 
surrounding  plain.  On  one  of  these  isolated  mesas  are  located 
four  of  their  villages.  Three  other  villages  occupy  as  many 
rocky  bluffs  or  mesas.  The  houses  are  of  stone,  and  built  in 
terraces,  in  such  a  manner  that  to  enter  the  lower  story  it  is 
necessary  to  climb  to  the  top  and  then  descend.  The  inhabi- 
tants of  Oraybe,  west  from  the  Moquis,  are  of  different  origin 
and  language,  although  their  manners,  customs,  and  mods  of 
life  are  the  same.  Water  is  brought  to  these  pueblos,  perched 
on  those  rocky  crags,  from  a  half  to  two  miles  distant.  The 
valley  below,  although  sandy  and  barren-looking,  produces 
good  crops  of  corn,  pumpkins,  melons,  and  fine  peaches.  About 
three  thousand  acres  are  in  cultivation  at  the  different  villages. 
They  have  large  flocks  of  sheep  and  goats,  which  they  carefully 
guard  from  the  raids  of  their  more  warlike  neighbors,  the 
Navajos.  The  Moquis  are  temperate,  industrious,  and  true  to 
their  marriage  relations.  They  make  blankets,  baskets,  and 
ollas ;  have  lived  in  their  present  abode  since  we  have  any  knowl- 
edge of  them,  and  are  the  same  in  all  respects  to-day  as  they 


MISCELLANEOUS.  103 

were  three  hundred  and  forty  years  ago,  when  Coronado  and 
his  followers,  in  their  search  for  the  Seven  Cities  of  Cibola,  first 
met  them.  An  agent  has  been  appointed  for  them,  and  a  board- 
ing-school established,  which  is  proving  a  gratifying  success. 

The  Navajo  reservation  is  located  in  the  north-eastern  corner 
of  the  Territory,  adjoining  the  line  of  New  Mexico,  and  embraces 
an  area  of  5,200  square  miles,  the  greater  portion  being  fine 
grazing  land.  The  Navajos  are  the  main  branch  of  the 
Apache  family,  and  are  probably  the  most  intelligent,  active  and 
enterprising  of  all  the  Indians  in  Arizona.  Their  manufacture 
of  fine  blankets  has  long  been  admired,  and  in  their  agricultural 
and  pastoral  possessions,  they  are  one  of  the  richest  tribes  in 
the  United  States.  They  own  about  15,000  fine  horses,  over  400,- 
000  head  of  sheep,  nearly  2,000  head  of  cattle,  besides  mules, 
burros,  etc.  They  derive  over  $30,000  annually  from  the  sale 
of  blankets,  sashes,  etc.  Every  family  has  its  loom,  where  tho 
women  are  constantly  employed.  The  Navajos  are  a  warlike 
race,  have  long  kept  their  Moquis  and  Zuni  neighbors  in  whole- 
some dread,  and  at  one  time  were  the  terror  of  the  Rio  Grande 
valley.  Since  their  subjugation  by  the  government  in  1860, 
they  have  made  rapid  strides  in  prosperity,  and  are  said  to  be 
the  only  Indians  who  are  increasing.  They  number  at  present 
about  15,000.  Their  agency  is  established  at  Fort  Defiance. 

The  total  number  of  Indians  in  the  Territory  is  about  25,000. 
The  power  of  the  wild  Apache  has  been  broken,  and  he  no 
longer  obstructs  the  path  of  progress  and  civilization.  The 
Indian  question  in  Arizona  has  been  settled  forever;  the  wild 
tribes  are  fast  passing  away,  and  in  a  few  years  will  have  en- 
tirely disappeared,  leaving  behind  only  a  name  linked  with 
bloody  deeds  and  savage  atrocity. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

'  WAGES  AND  COST  OF  LIVING,  SOCIETY,  MANUFACTURES. 

People  who  are  looking  for  homes  in  a  new  country,  naturally 
feel  an  interest  in  knowing  the  rates  of  wages  paid,  and  the  cost 
of  living  in  the  region  to  which  they  think  of  emigrating.  In 
\his  chapter  we  shall  endeavor  to  answer  the  many  inquiries 
which  are  being  made  from  the  East,  and  from  the  Pacific 
States  and  Territories,  asking  for  information  on  these  points. 

Miners  are  paid  $4  per  day  throughout  the  Territory.  This 
is  the  rate  of  wages  for  underground  work  which  has  prevailed 
in  the  neighboring  State  of  Nevada,  and  which  has  been  estab- 
lished in  Arizona.  In  some  small  and  isolated  camps  a  lower 
rate  has  obtained,  but  good  workmen,  who  understand  their 
3alling,  can  not  be  hired  for  less  than  the  prevailing  rates. 

Blacksmiths  receive  from  $4  to  $6  per  day,  first-class  work- 
men commanding  the  latter  price.  Carpenters  get  from  $4  to 
$5  per  day;  bricklayers  and  masons  from  $5  to  $6  per  day; 
engineers  from  $5  to  $6  per  day;  printers  from  $4  to  $5  per 


104  THE  RESOURCES  OF   ARIZONA. 

day;  clerks  from  $50  to  §100  per  month  and  board;  teamsters 
from  $40  to  $70  per  month  and  board;  herders  from  $30  to  $40 
per  month  with  board;  farm  laborers  from  $30  to  $40  per 
month;  and  day  laborers  from  $2  50  to  $3  50  per  day. 

The  supply  of  labor  is  generally  in  excess  of  the  demand. 
Like  all  mining  countries  which  have,  received  a  sudden  impetus 
from  the  opening  of  railroads,  Arizona  has  drawn  within  its 
borders  a  number  of  people  who  have  found  themselves,  on 
their  arrival  in  the  country,  destitute  of  means.  While  there 
is  always  a  chance  for  men  of  energy  and  industry  to  make  their 
way,  it  is  not  advisable  for  mechanics  and  laboring  men,  who 
have  no  means,  to  rush  to  Arizona.  While  those  who  are  em- 
ployed obtain  good  wages,  it  must  be  borne  in  mind  that  this 
is  a  country  whose  many  resources  are  just  beginning  to  be  de- 
veloped, and  that  the  demand  for  labor  is  limited.  To  men  who 
have  some  means;  who  are  in  a  position  to  take  advantage  of 
the  many  profitable  openings  that  present  themselves;  who 
may  be  in  possession  of  a  small  capital  to  begin  the  battle  of 
life;  who  have  the  wherewithal  to  try  their  fortune  in  seeking 
for  the  treasures  that  lie  hidden  in  our  mountain  fastnesses, 
Arizona  offers  advantages  not  equaled  by  any  State  or  Territory 
in  the  Union.  But  of  the  workingrnan,  who  has  only  means 
sufficient  to  bring  him  to  the  country,  and  is  dependent  solely 
on  his  daily  labor,  Arizona  has  already  enough,  and  ib  is  not 
the  desire  or  intention  of  this  publication  to  hold  out  uncertain 
inducements  to  that  class  of  emigrants.  , 

The  cost  of  living  in  the  Territory  is  not  more  expensive 
than  could  be  expected  in  a  country,  the  greater  portion  of 
whose  supplies  are  brought  from  such  a  distance.  With  the 
exception  of  some  grain,  flour,  hay,  and  vegetables,  everything 
worn  or  Consumed  by  the  people  of  Arizona  is  shipped  from 
California  or  the  East.  In  Tucson  board  can  be  had  at  from 
$6  to  $8  per  week,  and  at  the  leading  hotels  at  from  $1  to  $2  50 
per  day.  In  Tombstone,  board  is  from  $8  to  $10  per  week,  and 
in  the  different  mining  camps  throughout  the  southern  portion 
of  the  Territory,  the  same  rates  prevail.  Bents  in  Tucson  and 
Tombstone  are  not  high,  considering  the  rush  of  emigration  to 
those  towns,  and  the  remarkable  advance  in  real  estate.  A  com- 
fortable residence  of  three  or  four  rooms,  in  a  suitable  location, 
can  be  had  in  Tucson  at  from  $20  to  $30  per  month.  The  rates 
are  about  the  same  in  Tombstone.  Clothing,  boots  and  shoes, 
dry  goods,  groceries,  and  everything  necessary  for  housekeep- 
ing, are  sold  at  fair  prices.  A  suit  of  clothing  can  be 
bought  at  from  $15  to  $30;  a  pair  of  boots  at  from  $4  to  $8, 
and  all  other  articles  in  a  like  proportion.  Of  groceries,  sugar 
is  20  cents  per  pound;  coffee,  25  cents;  flour,  $5  per  cwt.; 
beef,  8  to  12  cents  per  pound;  and  vegetables  and  all  other 
articles  of  food  at  similar  rates.  In  Phoenix,  the  agricultural 
center  of  the  Territory,  prices  of  clothing  and  groceries  are 
about  the  same  as  in  Tucson  and  Tombstone,  while  grain,  flour., 
vegetables  and  fruits,  are  much  cheaper. 

In  Prescott  and  throughout  Northern  Arizona,  the  rates  of 
wages  do  not  differ  materially  from  those  which  exist  in  the 


MISCELLANEOUS.  105 

southern  country.  Board  in  Prescott  is  from  $8  to  $10 
per  week.  Groceries,  clothing,  and  provisions  are  a  trifle 
.higher  than  in  Tucson  and  Tombstone,  owing  to  the  greater 
distance  from  the  Southern  Pacific  railroad,  and  the  increased 
charges  on  freight.  The  opening  of  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific 
will  give  Northern  Arizona  a  direct  line  to  the  markets  of  the 
East,  and  supplies  and  material  of  all  kinds  can  be  laid  down 
at  Prescott  and  the  northern  mining  camps,  at  much  lower 
rates  than  at  present.  From  this  brief  summary  it  will  be  seen 
that  the  cost  of  living  in  Arizona,  taking  into  consideration  the 
long  distances  from  the  sources  of  supply,  can  not  be  considered 
high;  and  although  these  figures  may  appear  rather  large  to 
people  accustomed  to  those  prevailing  toward  the  rising  sun,  it 
must  be  borne  in  mind  that  every  branch  of  labor,  and  every 
profession  or  calling,  receives  a  just  and  generous  remuneration 
for  its  services  in  this  prosperous  and  progressive  Territory  of 
the  South-west. 

SOCIETY. 

There  is  no  Territory  on  the  distant  frontier  where  law  and 
order  are  so  strictly  maintained,  or  where  the  rougher  ele- 
ments, peculiar  to  the  border,  observe  so  mild-mannered  an 
attitude,  as  in  Arizona.  In  the  newest  mining  camp,  as  well  as 
in  the  larger  towns,  like  Tucson  ai*d  Prescott,  life  and  property 
are  as  secure  as  In  older  communities  who  boast  of  their  culture 
and  civilization;  and  if  sometimes  the  festive  "  cowboy  "  from. 
Texas,  or  the  "bad  man  from  Bodie,"  should  forget  himself 
while  under  the  influence  of  "fighting"  whisky,  he  is  quickly 
brought  to  a  realizing  sense  of  the  situation  by  the  strong  arm 
of  the  law.  On  the  opening  of  the  Southern  Pacific  railroad,  a 
cro\vd  of  outlaws  from  the  East  and  the  West  flocked  into 
Arizona,  but  the  prompt  and  energetic  action  of  officers  and 
citizens,  soon  compelled  that  gentry  to  seek  fresh  fields. 
Even  the  contests  over  mines,  which  seem  to  be  inseparable 
from  a  "  live  "  camp,  have  been  fewer  than  in  most  of  the 
mineral  States  and  Territories;  the  pistol  and  the  shotgun  have 
been  laid  aside,  and  the  law  allowed  to  have  its  course. 

Tucson,  Tombstone,  Phrenix,  and  Prescott  are  incorporated 
under  the  laws  of  the  Territory.  They  have  an  efficient  police 
force,  and  the  best  of  order  is  maintained.  In  fact,  it  has  been 
remarked  by  travelers  and  new-comers  that  Arizona  has  less  of 
that  typical  western  lawlessness  than  any  region '  they  had 
visited  on  the  frontier.  In  the  leading  towns  of  the  Territory 
will  be  found  a  society  whose  culture,  intelligence,  and  refine- 
ment will  compare  with  any  portion  of  the  Union.  Surrounded 
by  churches,  schools,  newspapers,  and  the  other  adjuncts  of 
modern  progress,  the  people  of  Arizona  are  among  the  most  in- 
telligent, liberal,  and  progressive  to  be  found  in  the  United 
States.  The  emigrant  who  decides  to  cast  his  lot  here  will 
find  the  foundations  of  a  broad  and  enlightened  society  firmly 
established;  he  will  meet  a  generous,  progressive,  and  liberal- 
minded  people,  ready  to  lend  a  helping  hand  to  the  new-comer; 
and  he  will  find  order,  security,  law,  and  enlightened  public 


106  THE  BESOURCES  OF  ARIZONA. 

opinion  ruling  the  country  from  the  Utah  line  to  the  Sonora 
border. 

MANUFACTURES. 

The  manufacturing  interests  of  Arizona  are  yet  in  an  embryo 
condition.  Lumber  and  Hour  are  its  chief  products  at  the  pres- 
ent time.  Yavapai  county  has  three  saw-mills  near  Prescott, 
and  one  on  the  line  of  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific  railroad.  These 
mills  turn  out  a  good  quality  of  pine  lumber,  and  supply  a  large 
area.  Lumber  is  worth  from  $20  to  $30  per  thousand  at  the 
mills.  At  Prescott,  there  is  a  sash,  door  and  blind  factory, 
which  is  kept  steadily  at  work.  A  small  foundry  has  been  es- 
tablished here,  but  it  is  now  closed. 

Maricopa  county  manufactures  nearly  three  fourths  of  all  the 
flour  produced  in  the  Territory.  It  has  four  flour-mills  in  act- 
ive operation ;  one  at  Phoenix,  one  three  miles  east  of  Phoenix, 
one  on  the  Grand  canal,  and  one  at  Tempe.  All  these  mills 
are  supplied  with  the  best  machinery  and  the  latest  improve- 
ments, and  turn  out  a  quality  of  flour  preferred  by  some  to  the 
best  California.  An  ice  factory  has  been  established  at  Phoenix 
which  supplies  its  citizens  with  a  luxury  which  is  almost  a  neces- 
sity during  the  sultry  summer  months.  Large  quantities  of 
sorghum  are  also  manufactured  in  the  Salt-river  valley.  It  is 
a  superior  article  and  finds  a  ready  sale. 

The  manufacturing  industries  of  Pima  county  consist  of  two 
flour-mills  in  Tucson,  well-appointed  establishments,  which  pro- 
duce a  superior  article.  A  foundry  and  machine  shop  was  es- 
tablished here  in  1880,  and  is  prepared  to  make  every  variety 
of  quartz-mill  machinery  and  castings  in  iron  and  brass.  Sev- 
eral large  blacksmith  and  wagon  shops  are  also  in  full  opera- 
tion in  Tucson,  and  turn  out  superior  work  in  their  line. 

Cachise  county  has  five  saw-mills  iri  operation,  three  in  the 
Huachuca  mountains  west  of  Tombstone,  and  two  in  the  Chiri- 
cahua  range  east  of  that  point.  These  mills  produce  an  excel- 
lent quality  of  pine  lumber,  which  finds  a  ready  sale  in  the 
bonanza  camp  and  the  mines  adjacent.  Tombstone  has  also  a 
foundry  where  castings  for  quartz-mills  of  every  description  are 
manufactured. 

The  manufactures  of  Gila  are  confined  to  two  saw-mills  in  the 
Pinal  mountains,  which  supply  Globe  and  the  mining  camps, 
throughout  the  county  with  a  superior  article  of  pine  lumber. 
At  Yurna  is  situated  the  largest  wagon  factory  in  the  Territory. 
The  peculiar  dryness  of  the  climate  at  this  point  seasons  the 
•wood  so  thoroughly  that  it  never  shrinks.  The  mesquite,  which 
grows  in  such  profusion  on  the  Gila  and  Colorado  bottoms, 
makes  the  very  best  wagon  timber,  and  the  work  turned  out  at 
this  place  is  considered  the  most  durable  and  best  adapted  to 
the  climate  of  the  Territory. 

Apache  county  has  several  saw-mills  steadily  at  work  on  the 
magnificent  pines  which  crown  her  mountain  ranges.  Two 
flouring-mills  have  been  put  up  on  the  Colorado  Chiquito,  which 
produce  a  fine  article  of  the  staff  of  life. 

In  Pinal  county  there  are  two  flour  mills,  on  the  Gila,  below 
Florence,  which  find  profitable  employment  in  handling  the  fine 


POPULATION — CIVIL  AND  MILITARY.  107 

wheat  for  which  that  valley  is  celebrated.  Graham  county  has 
two  flour-mills  in  operation  at  Solomonville.  These  arc  about 
the  only  manufacturers  now  in  existence  in  the  Territory.  That 
there  is  here  au  extensive  and  a  profitable  field  for  the  invest- 
ment of  capital  in  this  branch  of  industry,  admits  of  no  doubt. 
No  better  opening  can  be  found  on  the  Pacific  coast  for  a 
woolen  factory.  The  wool  is  here  in  abundance;  the  water- 
power  is  here,  and  the  demand,  already  sufficient  to  make  the 
venture  a  paying  one,  is  steadily  on  the  increase.  A  tannery 
would  be  a,  lucrative  enterprise;  thousands  of  hides  are  now 
shipped  out  of  the  country  every  year,  which  should  be  turned 
into  leather  at  home.  Every  broom  used  in  the  territory  is 
made  abroad,  when  it  has  been  demonstrated  that  broom-corn 
of  an  excellent  quality  can  be  grown  in  the  valleys  of  the  Gila 
and  the  Salt  rivers.  The  manufacture  of  soap  is  also  an  enter- 
prise which  offers  quick  returns  to  any  one  who  will  engage  in 
it.  Eopes,  cloth,  and  paper  of  a  superior  quality  have  been 
made  from  the  fibers  of  the  mescal  plant,  and  as  the  supply  is 
unlimited,  there  is  no  reason  why  a  venture  of  this  kind  should 
not  be  successful.  For  the  man  who  will  be  the  first  to  inau- 
gurate some  of  the  manufacturing  enterprises  alluded  to,  suc- 
cess is  certain.  The  population  is  steadily  increasing,  and  the 
demand  for  the  articles  mentioned  is  increasing  in  the  same 
ratio.  The  raw  material  is  at  hand,  and  it  only  requires  capital, 
energy,  and  enterprise  to  reap  this  virgin  field  and  glean  a 
golden  harvest.  There  are  many  other  industries  of  a  kindred 
nature  to  those  wo  have  set  forth,  which  can  be  profitably  en- 
gaged in,  but  enough  has  been  said  to  convince  business  men 
of  the  splendid  opportunities  which  Arizona  offers  for  the  suc- 
cessful prosecution  of  manufacturing  industries. 


POPULATION— CIVIL  AND  MILITARY. 

According  to  the  census  of  1880,  Arizona  has  a  population  of 
41,580,  distributed  as  follows: 

Pima  county 19,934 

Maricopa  county 5,689 

Yavapai  county 5,014 

Apache  county 3,498 

Pinal  county 3,040 

Yuma  county 3,215 

Mohave  county 1,190 

This  population  is  classified  as  follows: 

Whites 35,330 

Mulattoes 17 

Blacks 87 

Chinese 1,601 

Indians 4,545 

Making  a  grand  total  of 41,580 


108  THE  RESOURCES  OF  ARIZONA. 

This  estimate  does  not  include  Indians  on  reservations  and 
those  who  live  in  pueblos.  The  population  of  the  Territory 
has  rapidly  increased  during  the  past  two  years.  The  large 
emigration  which  the  building  of  the  Southern  Pacific  railroad 
has  drawn  to  the  southern  portion  of  the  Territory,  shows  no 
signs  of  slackening.  The  completion  of  the  Atlantic  and  Pa- 
cific road  through  Northern  Arizona  will  no  doubt  attract  to 
that  region  a  human  tide  equally  as  large  as  that  which  has 
swept  over  the  southern  country.  It  is  not  too  much  to  expect 
that  Arizona  will  double  its  present  population  within  the  next 
two  years,  and  in  three  or  four  years  from  now,  have  the  requisite 
number  of  inhabitants  to  entitle  her  to  admission  as  a  sov- 
ereign State  of  the  Union. 

The  preponderance  of  males  over  females  is  very  marked  in 
Arizona,  as  in  all  new  countries.  The  opening  of  railroads, 
however,  will  help  materially  to  equalize  this  difference,  and 
more  evenly  balance  the  sexes.  What  has  been  said  of  the  in- 
ducements which  the  Territory  holds  out  to  men,  will  apply- 
also  to  women.  In  none  of  the  Western  Territories  is  female 
labor  better  paid.  Women  who  are  not  afraid  to  work,  and 
are  willing  to  cast  their  lot  with  the  destinies  of  this  young  and 
flourishing  Territory,  will  find  many  advantageous  opportu- 
nities, which  they  can  not  hope  for  in  the  crowded  centers  of 
the  East. 

MILITARY. 

Arizona  and  Southern  California  constitute  a  separate  mili- 
tary department,  with  headquarters  at  Fort  Whipple,  near  Pres- 
cott,  Brevet  Major-General  O.  B.  Wilcox  commanding,  with 
the  following  staff: 

First  Lieutenant  H.  L.  Haskell,  Aid-de-camp. 

Second  Lieutenant  E.  F.  Wilcox,  Aid-de-camp. 

Department  Staff. 

Major  Samuel  N.  Benjamin,  Assistant  Adjutant-General. 

Major  A.  K.  Arnold,  Acting  Assistant  Inspector-General, 

Colonel  H.  C.  Hodges,  Chief  Quartermaster. 

Captain  Charles  P.  Eagan,  Commissary  of  Subsistence. 

Surgeon  A.  K.  Smith,  Medical  Director. 

Major  W.  H.  Johnson,  Paymaster. 

First  Lieutenant  Carl  F.  Palfrey,  Engineer-Officer. 

Commanders  of  Posts. 

Fort  Apache,  in  the  Sierra  Blanco,  is  garrisoned  by  two  com- 
panies of  cavalry  and  two  of  infantry,  commanded  by  Colonel 
E.  A.  Carr. 

Fort  Bowie,  in  Apache  pass,  the  former  stronghold  of  Ca- 
chise,has  two  companies  of  cavalry  and  is  under  the  command  of 
Captain  C.  B.  McLennan. 

Fort  Grant,  fifty  miles  north  of  Tucson,  is  garrisoned  by  two 
companies  of  cavalry  and  two  of  infantry,  with  Major  James 
Biddle  in  command. 


POPULATION — CIVIL  AND  MILITARY.  109 

Camp  Huachuca,  south-west  from  Tucson  and  near  the 
Sonoro,  line,  has  a  garrison  of  ono  company  of  cavalry  under 
the  command  of  Captain  T.  C.  Tuppor. 

Fort  Lowell,- nine  miles  from  Tucson,  has  one  company  of 
cavalry,  Captain  W.  A.  Rafferty  in  command. 

Fort  McDowell,  near  the  junction  of  tho  Salt  and  the  Verdo 
rivers,  has  one  company  of  cavalry  and  one  of  infantry,  under 
the  command  of  Captain  A.  B.  ChaiTee. 

Fort  Mohave,  on  the  Colorado  river,  is  garrisoned  by  one 
company  of  infantry  under  tho  command  of  Captain  E.  C. 
Woodruff. 

Camp  Thomas,  on  the  Upper  Gila,  has  a  garrison  of  one  com- 
pany of  cavalry  and  one  of  infantry,  under  the  command  of 
Major  David  Perry. 

Forfc  Whipple,  the  headquarters  of  tho  department,  is  about 
one  mile  east  of  Prescott.  It  is  garrisoned  by  two  companies 
of  infantry,  Captain  H.  C.  Egbert,  Post  Commander. 

The  number  of  troops  in  the  department  of  Arizona  is  about 
1,200,  distributed  over  the  entire  Territory.  No  more  efficient 
force  is  found  on  the  frontier,  and  no  portion  of  Uncle  Sam's 
domain  is  more  carefully  looked  after.  Too  much  credit  can 
not  be  awarded  to  General  Wilcox,  and  the  officers  and  men 
under  his  command,  for  the  manner  in  which  they  have  guarded 
the  important  interests  confided  to  their  charge;  quelled  all 
symptoms  of  hostility  among  the  Indians  within  the  Territory, 
prevented  the  incursions  of  hostile  bands  from  abroad,  and 
kept  securely  the  long  line  of  frontier  bordering  on  Mexico. 
The  people  of  Arizona  owe  to  the  army  a  debt  of  gratitude 
which  can  never  be  forgotten;  their  services  in  subduing  the 
savage^  Apache,  and  opening  this  country  to  settlement  and 
civilization,  will  ever  be  held  in  grateful  remembrance,  and  will 
constitute  one  of  the  brightest  pages  in  the  history  of  tho  Terri- 
tory. 

CIVIL. 

Arizona,  as  one  of  the  Territories  of  the  Federal  Union,  has 
her  leading  civil  officers  appointed  by  the  President.  The  peo- 
ple have  the  privilege  of  electing  a  delegate  to  Congress,  who 
has  no  vote.  They  are  also  permitted  to  elect  a  Legislature 
every  two  years,  who  enact  laws,  subject  to  the  approval  of 
Congress.  The  following  is  a  list  of  the  Federal  officers  of  tho 
Territory  at  the  present  time: 

Delegate  in  Congress,  Granville  H.  Oury. 

Governor,  John  C.  Fremont. 

Chief  Justice,  C.  G.  W.  French. 

Associate  Justices,  W.  H.  Stilwell,  De  Forest  Porter. 

United  States  District  Attorney,  Everett  B.  Pomroy. 

United  States  Marshal,  C.  P.  Dake. 

Surveyor-General,  John  Wasson. 

United  States  Depositary,  C.  H.  Lord. 

Collector  of  Internal  Re  venue,  Thomas  Gordis. 

Collector  of  Customs,  W.  F.  Scott. 


110  THE  KESOURCES  OP  ARIZONA. 


ANCIENT   RUINS. 

The  evidences  of  an  ancient  civilization  which  are  met  with 
in  the  ruins  scattered  throughout  the  Territory,  have  long  been  a 
subject  of  earnest  inquiry  among  savants  and  explorers.  The 
character  and  extent  of  these  ruins  prove  conclusively  that  the 
region  now  known  as  the  Territory  of  Arizona  was,  at  some 
period  in  the  past,  the  seat  of  a  civilization  much  further  ad- 
vauced  than  that  which  occupied  the  land  when  first  discovered 
by  Europeans. 

First  amoDg  these  prehistoric  relics,  both  in  its  extent  and 
state  of  preservation,  is  the  Casa  Grande,  about  six  miles  below 
Florence,  in  the  valley  of  the  Gila,  and  about  five  miles  south 
of  that  stream.  This  ruin  was  discovered  by  Coronado's  expe~ 
dition  in  1540.  It  was  then  four  stories  high,  with  walls,  six 
feet  in  thickness.  Around  it  were  several  other  ruins,  some 
with  the  walls  yet  standing,  which  have  since  succumbed  tc 
time  and  the  elements.  The  Pima  Indians,  who,  then  as  now, 
were  living  in  the  immediate  vicinity,  had  no  knowledge  of  the 
origin  or  history  of  the  structure.  It  had  been  a  ruin  as  far 
back  as  tradition  extended  in  their  tribe,  and  when  or  by  whom 
erected  was  as  much  a  mystery  to  the  dusky  natives  as  to  their 
European  visitors.  Father  Pedro  Font  examined  the  Casa 
Grande  in  1775,  and  describes  the  main  building  as  c<  an  ob- 
long square,  facing  to  the  cardinal  points  of  the  compass.  The 
exterior  wall  extends  from  north  to  south  four  hundred  and 
twenty  feet,  and  from  east  to  west  two  hundred  and  sixty  feet. 
The  interior  of  the  house  consists  of  five  halls,  the  three  middle 
ones  being  of  one  size,  and  the  extreme  ones  longe*.  The 
three  middle  ones  are  twenty-six  feet  in  length  from  north  tc 
south,  and  ten  feet  in  breadth  from  east  to  west,  with  walls  six 
feet  thick.  The  two  extreme  ones  measure  twelve  feet  from 
north  to  south,  and  thirty- eight  feet  from  east  to  west."  At 
present  the  ruins  are  about  two  stories  high,  and  are  rapidly 
crumbling  away.  The  walls  are  composed  of  a  material  look- 
ing like  concrete  or  grout.  The  dimensions  of  the  ruin  still 
standing  are  about  50  by  30  feet.  It  is  divided  into  many 
small  rooms,  and  plastered  with  a  reddish  cement.  The  walls 
still  show  small  round  holes  where  the  rafters  had  entered, 
charred  pieces  of  which  are  yet  found  imbedded  in  the  adobe. 
The  interior  room  is  the  largest,  and  is  still  in  a  fair. state  of 
preservation.  All  around  the  main  building  are  mounds  and 
traces  of  ruins,  which  go  to  show  that  a  large  city  existed  here 
at  one  time.  The  course  of  an  immense  irrigating  canal,  which 
watered  the  plain  where  the  ruins  now  stand,  has  been  followed; 
to  the  Gila  above  Florence,  forty  miles  distant. 

Near  Tetnpe,  in  the  Salt-river  valley,  are  found  the  ruins  ol 
extensive  buildings,  which  are  supposed  to  have  been  even 
larger  than  the  Casa  Grande.  The  foundations  of  one  have 
been  traced,  which  measures  275  feet  in  length  and  130  feet  in 
width.  Excavations  made  in  these  mounds  have  brought  to 


ANCIENT  RUINS.  Ill 

light  several  ollas  which  were  filled  with  charred  bones.  The 
remains  of  a  large  irrigating  canal  are  traced  near  the  ruins. 
The  road  from  Phoenix  to  Tempe  follows  the  bed  of  the  ancient 
water-course  for  a  considerable  distance;  ifc  is  much  larger  than 
any  in  use  by  the  modern  occupants  of  the  valley.  The  ruins 
of  canals  and  buildiugs  which  are  yet  found  in  the  plain  between 
the  Gila  and  the  Salt  rivers  go  to  show  that  this  region,  now 
so  desolate,  was  at  .one  time  thickly  inhabited.  At  many  other 
points  in  the  Salt-river  valley  the  marks  of  a  civilization  which 
once  flourished  here  and  made  the  desert  to  smile  with  industry, 
are  yet  plainly  traced.  All  about  the  ruins  are  found  frag- 
ments of  pottery,  painted  in  various  colors  and  highly  glazed. 

In  the  valley  of  the  Upper  Gila,  known  as  Pueblo  Viejo,  are 
found  extensive  mounds  similar  to  those  of -the  Salt  river. 
Traces  of  buildings,  irrigating  canals,  broken  pottery,  etc.,  are 
met  with  in  every  direction.  Ruins  of  a  like  character  are  en- 
countered at  different  points  all  along  the  .Gila  river.  On  the 
San  Pedro,  near  its  junction  with  the  Gila,  are  remains  of  what 
must  have  been  a  large  city.  The  foundations  were  of  stone, 
laid  in  a  coarse  cement.  Numerous  ruins  are  found  along  the 
Verde  and  its  tributaries,  in  the  Agua  Fria  valley,  and  in  the 
mountains  and  valleys  extending  for  fifty  miles  in  every  di- 
rection from  Prescott.  Some  of  the  structures  on  the  Verde 
and  Beaver  creek,  are  among  the  most  interesting  in  the  Terri- 
tory. On  a  hill  overlooking  the  river,  below  Chino  valley,  is 
a  series  of  ruins  of  stone  houses;  on  another  hill,  about  three 
miles  east,  are  found  the  remains  of  many  other  stone  buildings. 
In  the  valley  of  the  Verde,  traces  of  its  early  inhabitants  are 
found  in  every  direction.  Opposite  Camp  Vqrde  are  a  number 
of  stone  ruins,  overlooking  the  river.  Two  miles  down  the 
stream,  on  an  elevated  mesa,  an  ancient  burial  ground  bas  been 
discovered.  On  Beaver  creek,  a  tributary  of  the  Verde,  are 
found  many  interesting  cave  dwellings.  They  are  walled  up 
in  front,  and  look  like  the  rocky  bluffs  out  of  which  they  have 
been  excavated.  Cisterns  made  of  cement,  and  in  a  remark- 
able state  of  preservation,  are  found  near  many  of  these  dwell- 
ings. One  of  these  caves  is  eighty  feet  across  its  front,  and 
nearly  one  hundred  feet  above  the  base  of  the  cliff.  The  in- 
terior is  divided  into  many  rooms,  the  height  of  the  roof  being 
about  fifty  feet.  The  wall  in  front  is  pierced  by  two  loopholes, 
through  which  a  view  of  the  country  for  some  distance  around, 
can  be  had. 

In  Chino  valley,  twenty  miles  north  of  Prescott,  are  found 
many  interesting  "stone  ruins.  Large  ollas,  filled  with  charred 
corn  and  beans,  have  been  unearthed  from  these  mounds. 
Several  skeletons  have  been  discovered,  and  also  a  number  of 
stone  hammers  and  axes.  There  is  every  reason  to  believe  that 
the  inmates  died  by  violence,  the  doors  and  windows  being 
walled  up,  evidently  as  a  protection  against  a  hostile  foe. 

In  the  vicinity  of  Walnut  Grove,  twenty-five  miles  south  of 
Prescott,  are  found  the  ruins  of  large  stone  structures  crowning 
elevated  mountain-tops,  some  of  them  from  twenty  to  thirty 


112  THE  RESOURCES  OF  ARIZONA. 

feet  square.  On  the  Hassayampa,  and  the  mountainous  country 
south  from  «Prescott,  these  ruins  are  numerous,  and  were  evi- 
dently built  on  their  commanding  positions  by  people  who  were 
constantly  harassed  by  savage  foes.  That  the  bed  of  the 
Hassayampa  has  been  washed  for  gold  in  ages  past,  is  provec 
by  the  large  pines,  whose  age  is  numbered  by  hundreds  of 
years,  found  growing  where  the  ancient  miner  once  searched 
for  the  precious  metal.  Prescott,  the  modern  capital  of  Arizona, 
occupies,  it  is  believed,  the  site  of  an  ancient  city,  and  many 
relics  of  its  former  inhabitants  which  have  been  brought  to 
light,  go  to  strengthen  this  theory. 

Near  Fort  McDpwell  are  found  the  remains  of  a  large  forti- 
fication, and  of  an  immense  irrigating  canal.  The  bones  of  a 
man,  supposed. to  be  seven  feet  high,  were  unearthed  near  this 
point.  On  the  Bio  Bonito  and  other  branches  of  the  Salt  river, 
numerous  cave  dwellings  are  found.  The  Colorado  Chiquito 
valley  exhibits  traces  of  mounds  and  irrigating  ditches,  showing 
that  this  region  was  at  one  time  densely  populated.  All  over 
the  Territory,  north  from  the  Casa  Grande  on  the  Gila,  and  ex- 
tending into  New  Mexico  and  Southern  Colorado,  the  ruins  of 
stone  buildings,  largo  towns,  cave  dwellings,  and  immense 
canals  are  met  with  in  the  valleys  and  on  the  mountain-tops 
and  hillsides,  near  the  principal  water-courses. 

Nothing  is  left  to  tell  the  story  of  the  people  who  constructed 
them,  save  the  few  earthen  vessels  which  have  been  found  in 
the  ruins,  the  stone  hammers  and  axes  occasionally  met  with, 
and  the  fragments  of  broken  pottery  which  lie  scattered  about 
their  former  abode.  From  the  charred  remains  of  human  bones 
taken  from  the  ruins,  it  has  been  supposed  that  the  ancient 
people  crematecf  their  dead;  and,  from  the  few  hieroglyphics 
which  they  have  left  behind,  it  has  been  thought  they  were  sun- 
worshipers.  As  to  their  pursuits  and  mode  of  life,  it  is  gener- 
ally believed  they  followed  the  business  of  mining,  as  well 
as  agriculture.  As  has  been  before  alluded  to,  the  evidence  ia 
conclusive  that  many  of  the  gulches  in  the  Sierra  Prieta  range 
were  worked  for  the  golden  treasures  hundreds  of  years  ago. 
That  this  ancient  race,  who  have  left  such  massive  monuments 
of  their  skill  and  industry  behind  them,  had  made  rapid  pro- 
gress in  the  arts  of  an  advanced  civilization,  there  can  be  no 
doubt.  Who  were  those  people  who  erected  imposing  structures, 
opened  canals,  and  brought  immense  stretches  of  land  under 
cultivation  ?  From  whence  did  they  come,  and  what  has  been  the 
cause  of  their  extinction,  so  complete  that  nothing  is  left  to 
tell  the  story  ?  Many  theories  have  been  advanced  as  to  their 
origin  and  history,  but  nothing  definite  is  3ret  known  of  one  of 
the  most  remarkable  of  prehistoric  races  of  the  American  con- 
tinent. 

Here  is  a  wide  field  for  the  savant  who  desires  to  trace  the 
evidences  of  a  civilization  whose  origin  is  lost  in  the  mists  of 
antiquity,  and  whose  crumbling  monuments  yet  proclaim  its 
ancient  vigor  and  wide  extent.  Perhaps  the  key  to  unlock  the 
barred  and  bolted  chambers  of  prehistoric  American  history 
may  yet  be  found  in  the  ruins  of  Arizona. 


THE   EARLY   SPANISH    MISSIONARIES.  113 


THE  EARLY  SPANISH  MISSIONARIES. 


g1  closely  in  the  wake  of  that  army  of  daring  adven- 
turers, lired  with  the  thir.-t  for  gold  and  glory,  who  conqii' 
the  vast  empire  of  the  Montezumas,  and  p<-nej  ruled  to  the  wild 
regions  uort  hward,  came  another  army,  which  made  up  in  iiery 
zeal  what  it  lacked  in  numbers;  an  army  proclaiming  ".pi 
on  earth  and  good  will  to  men,"  whose  standard  was  the  . 
blern  of  Christianity,  and  whose  mission  was  the  spreading  of 
the  gospel  among  the  tribes  of  the  far  South-west.  I'.-.dnj  do 
Niza,  as  has  beeu  before  stated,  was  the  pioneer  of  the  cross  in 
what  is  now  known  as  Arizona.  He  penetrated  to  the  Cities 
of  Cibola,  find  on  his  return  to  New  Spain  spread  glowing 
reports  of  their  richness  and  extent,  which  led  to  the  expedition 
of  Coronado.  It  has  been  charitably  supposed  that  the  father 
indulged  in  this  exaggeration  in  the  hope  of  extending  the 
gospel  of  Christianity  among  the  natives,  but  Coronado  and  his 
followers,  disappointed  in  not  finding  the  expected  treasures, 
abandoned  the  country  in  disgust,  and  no  efforts  were  made  to 
establish  permanent  settlements  in  Arizona,  until  more  than  a 
hundred  years  later.  .....  •  ^,:^,,,  .  .  .  _;.... 

The  first  attempt  to  found  missions  in  this  Territory,  then 
known  as  Pimeria  Alta,  was  rriade  by  the  Franciscan  fathers  in 
1650,  at  the  Moquis  villages.  The  enterprise  was  undertaken 
under  the  direction  of  the  Duke  of  Albuquerque,  then  Viceroy 
of  Mexico.  In  1680,  the  Indians  rebelled,  massacred  many  of 
the  Spaniards,  and  the  missions  were  abandoned  and  never  re- 
established. As  near  as"  can  be  ascertained,  the  first  mission 
built  in  Southern  Arizona,  was  at  Guavavi,  forty-six  miles  south 
of  Tucson,  in  the  latter  part  of  the  .seventeenth  century.  The 
mission  of  Turaacacori  was  founded  some  time  afterwards,  and 
San  Xavier,  below  Tucson,  in  1694.  In  the  same  year,  Fathers 
Kino  and  Mange,  who  had  been  active  in  establishing  missions 
in  Sonora,  visited  the  Gila  river,  and  were  the  first  to 
thoroughly  inspect  the  ruins  of  the  Casa  Grande.  They  also 
explored  the  lower  Gila  and  Colorado.  Father  Kino  was  a  true 
friend  of  the  Indians,  and  labored  untiringly  to  better  their 
condition.  He  procured  an  order  from  the  Audience  of  Guada- 
lajara that  his  neophytes  should  not  be  apportioned  out  to 
work  in  the  mines.  Father  Kino  established  several  missions 
among  the  Pimas,  who  made  rapid  progress  in  civilization 
under  the  parental  care  of  the  humane  priest.  In  1720  there 
were  nine  missions  in  a  flourishing  condition  within  the  Terri- 
tory now  known  as  Arizona.  They  were  Tubac,  "San  Xavier  del 
Bac,  Joseph  de  Tumacacori,  San  Miguel,  Guavavi,  Calabasas, 
Arivaca  and  Santa  Ana.  They  were  rich  in  flocks  and  herds, 
and  in  the  products  of  the  silver  mines,  which  they  worked 
extensively. 

As  showing  the  mode  of  life  among  the  converts  at  the  mis- 
sions, we  copy  the  following,  written  by  Bishop  Salpointe  of 
Tucson:  "  Early  in  the  morning  the  Indians  had  to  go  to  church 


114  THE   RESOURCES   OF   ARIZONA. 

for  morning  prayers  and  to  hear  mass.  Breakfast  followed  this 
exercise.  Sfcon  after,  a  peculiar  ring  of  the  bell  called  the  work- 
men. They  assembled  in  front  of  the  church,  where  they  were 
counted  by  one  of  the  priests,  and  assigned  to  the  Afferent 
places  where  work  was  to  be  done.  When  the  priests  were  in 
sufficient  numbers,  they  used  to  superintend  the  work,  laboring 
themselves,  otherwise  they  employed  some  trustworthy  Mexican 
to  represent  them.  Towards  evening,  a  little  before  sundown, 
the  workmen  were  permitted  to  go  home.  On  their  arrival  in 
the  houses,  which  were  located  around  the  plaza,  one  of  the 
priests,  standing  in  the  middle  of  this  plaza,  said,  the  evening 
prayers  in  a  loud  voice  in  the  language  of  the  tribe.  Every 
word  he  pronounced  was  repeated  by  some  selected  Indians, 
who  stood  between  him  and  the  houses,  and  last,  by  all  the  In- 
dians present  in  the  tribe."  Under  the  fostering  care  of  the 
fathers,  large  tracts  of  land  were  brought  under  cultivation,  and 
the  Indians  appeared  to  be  contented  and  happy. 

In  1744,  Father  Jacob  Sedel  made  an  attempt  to  reach  the 
Moquis  and  re-establish  the  missions,  but  got  no  further  than 
the  country  of  the  Pirnas  on  the  Gila,  who  dissuaded  him  from 
the  enterprise.  He  explored  the  newly  discovered  river  of 
Asumpciou  (Salado)  and  the  Verde.  He  also  followed  the  Gila 
to  its  sources,  and  encountered  the  Apaches.  In  1727,  the 
Bishop  of  Durango,  Don  Benito  Crespo,  visited  the  missions  of 
Arizona,  and  wrote  to  Philip  V.  in  their  behalf.  That  monarch 
ordered  that  they  should  be  protected  and  assisted  out  of  the 
royal  treasury.  In  1751  there  was  an  outbreak  of  the  Pimas, 
most  of  the  priests  killed,  and  the  missions  in  the  northern  part 
of  the  province  destroyed.  The  revolt  was  instigated  "  by  one 
Luis,  from  Saric  (Sonora),  who  pretended  to  be  a  wizard,  and 
made  the  Indians  consider  as  a  disadvantage  to  them  what  he 
intended  for  his  own  benefit."  In  1765,  the  prosperity  of  the 
missions  received  a  heavy  blow  from  the  decree  ordering  the  ex- 
pulsion of  the  Jesuits  from  Spain  and  her  colonies.  In  May, 
1768,  fourteen  Franciscan  fathers,  from  the  college  of  Santa 
Cruz  of  Queretaro,  arrived  at  Guaymas,  destined  to  take  the 
place  of  the  Jesuits  who  had  been  killed  by  the  Indians,  and 
expelled  by  oi'der  of  the  government.  They  found  the  missions 
which  had  escaped  the  fury  of  the  Indian  revolt  in  a  declining 
condition.  Life  and  energy  had  fled  with  the  Jesuits;  the 
Apache,  till  then  but  little  known,  had  swooped  down  on  the 
flocks  and  herds,  arid  the  missions  seemed  to  be  on  the  brink  of 
ruin.  But,  under  the  unremitting  care  of  the  Franciscans,  they 
soon  recovered  their  former  flourishing  condition. 

Captain  Bautista  Ainsa,  under  orders  from  the  Viceroy,  un- 
dertook to  open  communication  by  land  from  Sonora  to  tipper 
California  in  January,  1774.  He  was  accompanied  by  Fathers 
Garcez,  Pedro  and  Elrarch,  who  penetrated  the  country  of  the 
Yarapaisaod  explored  ihe  central  portion  of  Arizona.  Captain 
Ainsa  returned  from  California  in  1776,  bringing  with  him  chief 
Palma  and  others  of  the  Yuma  tribe,  praying  for  the  establish- 
ment of  missions  among  them.  Three  missions  were  estab- 


THE  EARLY  SPANISH  MISSIONARIES.  115 

lisbed  by  Father  Garcez  in  1779 — La  Concepcion,  where  Fort 
Yunia  now  stands,  San  Pedro,  near  Castle  Dome,  and  San 
Pablo,  near  Chimney  Peak.  On  the  seventeenth  of  July,  1781 ,  the 
Yumas  rose  in  rebellion  against  the  Spanish  authorities,  killed 
the  garrison  at  La  Coucepcion,  and  carried  tho  women  and 
children  into  captivity.  The  priests  were  murdered,  the  build- 
ings destroyed,  and  thus  ended  the  missions  of  the  Colorado. 
No  steps  were  afterwards  taken  to  re-establish  them. 

Among  the  adventurous  pioneers  of  the  cross  who  traversed 
Arizona  from  1773  to  1776,  were  Fathers  Pedro  Font,  Francisco 
Garcia,  Silvestre  Escalante  and  Francisco  Dominguez.  They 
explored  the  Casa  Grande  ruins  and  the  Moquis  villages. 
Father  Escalante's  party  went  as  far  north  as  the  Uintah 
mountains  in  Utah,  ami  as  far  south  as  Moro,  New  Mexico. 
They  crossed  the  Colorado  somewhere  in  the  neighborhood  of 
latitude  37°  north,  and  between  longitude  111°  and  112°,  west 
of  Greenwich.  Escalante  appears  to  have  been  the  last  of  the 
adventurous  missionaries  who  journeyed  through  the  wilds  of 
Arizona  for  nearly  two  hundred  and  fifty  years  subsequent  to 
the  expedition  to  the  Seven  Cities.  Notwithstanding  the  raids 
of  the  Apache,  the  missions  of  Southern  Arizona  continued 
in  a  high  state  of  prosperity  until  the  Mexican  war  of  inde- 
pendence. After  that  they  lost  the  support  and  protection  of 
the  vice-regal  Government,  languished  and  declined,  and  were 
finally  suppressed  and  abandoned  by  a  decree  of  the  Mexican 
Government,  in  1827. 

Of  all  the  mission  churches  built  by  the  Franciscans  and 
Jesuits,  but  one  remains  in  a  state  of  preservation — that  of  San 
Xavier  del  Bac,  nine  miles  south  of  Tucson.  This,  the  most 
important  mission  in  the  Territory,  was  established  in  1694,  but 
the  present  building  was  not  commenced  until  1768.  On  the 
abandonment  of  the  missions  in  1827,  the  Papago  Indians, 
who  resided  at  San  Xavier,  took  charge  of  the  church,  and 
preserved  it  from  destruction  by  the  Apaches.  The  style  of 
architecture  of  San  Xavier  is  a  mingling  of  the  Moorish  and 
the  Spanish.  It  is  built  of  stone  and  brick,  with  a  fine  coating 
of  cement.  It  has  a  length  of  105  and  a  width  of  27  feet,  inside 
the  walls.  It  is  in  the  form  of  a  cross.  The  nave  is  divided 
into  six  pt^rts,  marked  by  as  many  arches.  The  building  is 
surmounted  by  a  dome  and  two  towers,  one  of  which  remains 
unfinished.  The  church  faces  to  the  south,  the  facade  being 
ornamented  with  scroll-work  and  the  coat  of  arms  of  the  Fran- 
ciscan order.  Around  the  roof  is  a  brick  balustrade,  covered  with 
cement,  and  with  griffins'  heads,  also  in  cement,  at  each  angle 
and  corner.  The  interior  is  a  mass  of  elaborate  gilding,  paint- 
ing, and  fresco-work.  On  the  right-hand  side,  between  the 
front  door  and  the  main  altar,  there  is  a  fresco  representing 
the  "  Coming  of  the  Holy  Ghost,"  and  on  the  left,  a  picture  of 
the  "  Last  Sapper."  The  main  altar  is  dedicated  to  St.  Francis 
Xavier.  The  frescoes  near  the  altar  are  the  "  Adoration  of  the 
Wise  Men,"  the  "Flight  into  Egypt,"  the  "Adoration  of  the 
Shepherds,"  and  the  "Annunciation,"  still  in  a  good  state  of 


116  THE  RESOURCES   OF  ARIZONA. 

preservation.  The  main  altar,  and  those  on  either  side,  are 
decorated  with  columns  and  arabesques  in  relief,  gilded  and 
painted  in  many  colors  in  the  Moorish  style.  Statues  of  the 
twelve  apostles  are  placed  in  niches  in  the  pillars  of  the  church. 
The  ceilings  were  adorned  with  fresco-work,  but  much  of  it  has 
been  defaced  by  the  rain  trickling  through  the  roof. 

Near  the  front  door  are  two  small  openings  communicating 
with  the  towers;  from  these  rooms  commence  the  stairs,  cut 
into  the  thickness  of  the  walls.  The  second  flight  brings  the 
visitor  to  the  choir  of  the  church.  There  are  some  fine  frescoes 
here.  Two  flights  more  lead  to  the  belfry,  where  hang  four 
home-made  bells  of  small  size.  Twenty-two  steps  more  lead  to 
the  little  dome,  covering  the  tower,  about  seventy-five  feet 
above  the  ground.  From  this  point  a  fine  view  can  be  had  of 
the  beautiful  Santa  Cruz  valley,  and  the  peaks  and  mountain 
ranges  which  surround  it  in  every  direction.  On  the  west  side 
of  the  church  is  a-n  inclosure  and  a  small  chapel.  This  was 
formerly  used  as  a  cemetery,  the  bodies  being  kept  in  the 
chapel  until  the  ceremony  of  burial  was  performed. 

When  we  remember  the  age  in  which  it  was  built,  and  the 
facilities  at  hand  for  its  construction,  the  church  of  San  Xavier 
must  be  considered, a  remarkable  structure.  The  traveler  who 
first  beholds  its  perfect  outlines,  standing  in  solitary  grandeur 
on  the  edge  of  the  desert  plain,  is  astonished  to  find  in  this  re- 
mote region  a  building  which  would  adorn  any  capital  in 
Christendom.  It  stands  an  impressive  monument  to  the  un- 
tiring zeal,  energy,  and  self-sacrificing  devotion  of  the  mission 
fathers,  who  penetrated  the  unknown  wilds  of  the  south-west, 
and  were  the.first  to  open  to  settlement  and  civilization,  what 
is  now  the  Territory  of  Arizona.  The  effects  of  their  early 
labors  are  yei  seen  in  the  tribes  they  redeemed  from  barbarism 
and  taught  the  arts  of  civilization,  peace,  and  industry.  The 
only  other  relic  of  the  missions  found  in  the  Territory  is  the 
ruins  of  St.  Joseph  at  Tumacacori,  three  miles  below  Tubac,  on 
the  Santa  Cruz  river.  This  mission  was  destroyed  by  the 
Apaches  in  1820,  and  the  occupants  massacred.  The  building 
was  smaller  and  of  ruder  construction  than  San  Xavier.  The 
form  was  that  of  a  Greek  cross  with  a  basilica.  The  latter  is 
still  standing,  crowned  by  the  emblem  of  Christianity.  Two 
towers  yet  remain  in  a  fair  state  of  preservation.  The  church 
was  built  of  adobe,  plastered  with  cement,  and  coped  with 
burnt  brick.  The  roof  was  flat  and  covered  with  tiles.  The 
valley  adjacent  to  this  mission  was  brought  under  a  high  state 
of  cultivation.  Tumacacori  was  at  one  time  the  richest  of  the 
Arizona  missions,  and  was  the  scone  of  an  active  and  prosper- 
ous mining  industry,  but  the  Apache  spoiler  "came  down  like 
ji  wolf  on  the  fold,"  and  nothing  remains  to  tell  of  Jesuit 
energy  and  (.'iidpavor,  save  the  crumbling  ruin  of  the  old  church 
and  the  abandoned  shafts  and  tunnels,  overgrown  with  brush 
and  filled  with  debris,  which  are  frequently  met  with  in  the 
surrounding  mountains. 


HOW  TO  GET  TO  ARIZONA.  117 


HOW  TO  GET  TO  AUI/OXA. 

To  reach  Southern  Arizona  from  the  Ka^l,  at  the  present  lime, 
the  shortest  and  most  direct  route  is  by  way  of  the  Atchison, 
Topeka,  and  Santa  Fe  railroad.  Tliis  lino  begins  at  Kansas  City, 
Missouri,  and,  passing  through  Kansas,  Colorado,,  and  New 
Mexico,  unites  with  the  Southern  Pacific  ut  .]>•  miu;.-;.  1,149 
miles  from  Kansas  City;  fare  $74,  first  class.  From  Deming 
to  Benson,  twenty-eight  miles  from  Tombstone,  it  is  17:1  miles; 
fare,  $17  30. '  Daily  stage  lines  run  from  Benson  to  Tombstone; 
fare,  $(>.  From  Deming  to  Tucson  it  is  211)  miles;  fare, 
$21  90 — thus  making  the  distance  from  Kansas  City  to  Tomb- 
stone 1,340  miles, and  to  Tucson,  1,:>G8  miles.  Sleeping-ears  are 
run  on  this  route,  and  passengers  have  every  comfort  found  in 
railroad  traveling.  The  time  from  Kansas  City  to  Tombstone 
or  Tucson  is  about  three  days. 

To  reach  Northern  Arizona  from  the  East,  the  traveler  takes 
the  Atcliison,  Topeka,  and  Santa  Fe  line  to  Albuquerque,  New 
Mexico.  At  this  point  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific  railroad  strikes 
westward,  on  the  thirty-fifth  parallel,  through  Northern  Ari- 
zona. This  road  is  completed  as  far  as  Brigham  City,  in  Apache 
county,  280  miles  from  Albuquerque.  The  fare  from  Kansas 
City  to  Albuquerque  is  $53.  Persons  desirous  of  visiting  North- 
ern Arizona  will  find  stages  at  Brigham  City,  or  at  the  end  of 
the  track,  to  conve}r  them  to  Prescott  and  the  principal  points 
in  Apache,  Yavapai,  and  Mohave  counties.  Brigham  City  is 
about  180  miles  east  of  Prescott,  but  the  railroad  is  advancing 
at  the  rate  of  more  than  a  mile  a  day,  and  the  track  will  be  50 
miles  north  of  the  capital  of  Arizona  by  the  first- of  July, 
1882.  Prescott  is  distant  from  Kansas  City  1,368  miles. 

To  reach  Arizona  from  California,  or  the  Pacific  coast  States 
or  Territories,  the  quickest  route  is  by  the  Southern  Pacific 
railroad.  To  North  Afckfona^by  this  line,  the  traveler  has  the 
choice  of  two  routes  fi^mi  Yuma,  by  steamer  up  the  Colorado, 
or  by  rail  to  Maricopq*'.  Below  we  append  a  table  of  distances 
and  rates  of  fare  by  this  route  to  the  principal  points  in  the  Ter- 
ritory, from  San  Francisco: 

Aubrey,  Mohave  county — Southern  Pacific  railroad  to  Yuma, 
731  miles;  river  steamer,  255  miles;  fare,  $65. 

Benson,  Cachise  county — Southern  Pacific  railroad,  1,024 
miles;  fare,  $58. 

Casa  Grande,  Pinal  county — Southern  Pacific  railroad,  913 
miles;  fare,  $52. 

Castle  Dome,  Yuma  county — Southern  Pacific  railroad,  to 
Yuma,  731  miles;  river  steamer,  22  miles;  fare,  $49. 

Florence,  Piaal  county — Southern  Pacific  railroad,  to  Casa 
Grande,  913  miles;  stage,  22  miles;  fare,  £57. 

Globe  City,  Gila  county — Southern  Pacific  railroad,  to  Casa 
Grande,  913. miles;  stage,  via  Florence;  fare,  $72. 

Mineral  Park,  Mohave  county — Southern  Pacific  railroad,  to 
Yuma,  731  miles;  river  steamer  to  Hardyville,  300  miles;  stage, 
43  miles;  fare,  $75. 


118  THE  RESOURCES  OF  ARIZONA. 

Pantano  (station  for  Harshaw),  Pima  county — Southern 
Pacific  railroad,  1,006  miles;  fare,  $57;  by  stage  to  Harshaw,  50 
miles. 

Phoenix,  Maricopa  county — Southern  Pacific  railroad,  to  Mari- 
copa,  887  miles;  stage,  35  miles;  fare,  $55. 

Prescott,  Yavapai  county — Southern  Pacific  railroad,  to  Mari- 
copa, 887  miles;  stage,  150  miles;  fare,  $75. 

Tombstone,  Cachise  county — Southern  Pacific  railroad,  to 
Benson,  1,024  miles;  stage,  31  miles;  fare,  $62. 

Tucson,  Pima  county — Southern  Pacific  railroad,  978  miles; 
fare,  $55. 

Wilcox,  Cachise  county — Southern  Pacific  railroad,  1,064 
miles;  fare,  $60. 

The  fares  quoted  above  are  first  class.  The  local  rate  charged 
by  the  Southern  Pacific  in  Arizona  is  ten  cents  per  mile.  From 
the  foregoing  it  will  be  seen  that  all  the  principal  points  in 
Arizona  can  be  visited  from  the  East  or  the  West  quickly  and 
comfortably;  giving  the  traveler  choice  of  rail,  river,  and  stage 
routes  through  the  Territory. 


THE  WANTS  OF  THE  TERRITORY. 

In  the  foregoing  pages  has  been  given  a  "  brief  chronicle  "  of 
the  Territory,  its  past  history,  its  present  condition,  and  its 
future  prospects.  'Before  closing  this  short  sketch  of  the 
country  and  its  resources,  it  may  not  be  out  of  place  to  note 
the  aids  which  it  needs  to  bear  it  on  to  the  topmost  wave  of 
material  prosperity.  Arizona  wants,  first  of  all,  capital  to  de- 
velop her  vast  mineral  wealth;  she  wants  men  who  have  the 
enterprise  arid  the  means  to  open  up  the  treasures  which  lie 
hidden  in  her  mountains  and  m^sas,  to  sink  shafts,  to  drive 
tunnels,  to  erect  mills  and  furnaces,  to  give  employment  to 
labor,  to  build  up  happy  homes  and  thriving  communities,  and 
send  forlh  such  a  volume  of  bullion  as  has  never  been  equale^  in 
the  history  of  the  globe.  As  mining  is  the  leading  industry  of 
the  country,  the  capital  to  place  that  industry  on  a  prosperous 
basis  is  a  vital  necessity  for  the  welfare  of  Arizona.  Here  are 
gold,  silver,  copper,  coal,  lead,  and  iron  scattered  in  profusion 
throughout  the  length  and  breadth  of  the  Territory;  here  are 
railroads  penetrating  in  every  direction;  here  is  a  climate  of 
almost  perennial  summer,  and  here  is  every  natural  facility  for 
the  extraction  and  reduction  of  ores.  For  the  men  who  are 
waiting  in  the  East  and  in  Europe  for  a  chance  to  invest  some 
of  their  surplus  millions,  here  is  a  land  with  grand  resources 
almost  untouched,  offering  opportunities  for  profitable  mining 
ventures  not  equaled  in  the  western  country,  and  only  awaiting 
the  magic  wand  of  capital  to  cause  its  mountains  and  hills  to 
send  forth  streams  of  treasure. 

As  has  been  remarked  in  another  place,  Arizona  wants  men 


THE  'WANTS  OF  THE  TERRITORY.  .       119 

who  will  engage  in  manufacturing  enterprises.  Hundreds  or 
thousands  of  dollars  are  annually  sent  out  of  the  couulry  for 
supplies  which  could  he  produced  at  home.  The  manufacture 
of  woolen  goods,  of  leather,  of  soap  and  candles,  and  many 
other  articles,  offers  almost  certain  assurance  of  success.  l\>r 
the  man  ^r  men  with  a  knowledge  of  the  business  and  the 
requisite  capital,  who  will  engage  in  any  of  these  enterprises, 
a  fortune  is  in  store. 

There  are  yet  millions  of  acres  of  unoccupied  grazing  land  in 
the  Territory,  waiting  for  the  cattle  raiser  to  utilize  its  fine 
grasses.  On  portions  of  this  immense  domain  water  is  scarce, 
but  the  want  can  be  quickly  supplied  by  the  sinking  of  wells. 
No  finer  climate  for  stock  can  be  found,  and  no  better  beef  is 
raised  in  the  United  States.  There  is  plenty  of  room  for  twice 
the  number  of  cattle  now  in  the  Territory,  and  with  two  rail- 
roads crossing  it  from  east  to  west,  and  leading  to  the  markets 
of  the  Atlantic  and  the  Pacific,  no  better  field  for  this  branch 
of  industry  can  be  found. 

To  men  who  have  some  means,  and  can  take  advantage  of  the 
opportunities  that  present  themselves  in  a  new  country,  Arizona 
offers  an  inviting  field  for  the  display  of  their  industry,  energy, 
and  enterprise.  For  live,  active  men,  with  plenty  of  "push" 
and  vim,  there  is  always  an  opening.  Arizona  wants  men  with 
strong  hands  and  stout  hearts;  men  who  are  willing  to  work; 
men  who  are  not  afraid  to  rough  it  in  a  new  country;  men  who 
can  fight  the  battle  of  life,  and  are  not  disposed  to  give  up  the 
contest  because  fortune  does  not  always  smile  on  them;  men 
who  are  not  above  turning  their  hands  to  anything  that,  presents 
itself;  men  who  are  sober,  steady,  and  industrious.  With  such 
a  class  of  men,  to  build  up  the  country  and  develop  its  <*rand 
resources,  Arizona  will  soon  become  one  of  the  foremost  States 
in  the  American  Union. 

We  have  briefly  stated  here  the  character  of  the  emigration 
which  the  Territory  wishes  to  attract  within  its  borders;  it  may 
be  in  order,  also,  to  allude  to  the  kind  it  doesn't  want.  Of  lawyers 
and  doctors  the  Territory  has  more  than  enough,  and  an  influx 
of  the  "learned  professions"  is  not  desirable.  They  are  al- 
ready overcrowded,  and  sharp  competition  has  made  the  prac- 
tice of  law  and  medicine  anything  but  profitable.  It  is  true, 
in  these,  as  in  all  other  professions,  "  there  is  room  at  the  top," 
but  unless  a  man  has  the  acquirements  and  the  talents  to  take  that 
position,  he  had  better  remain  where  he  is.  Of  clerks,  and  all 
those  who  are  seeking  desirable  positions,  where  the  labor  is 
light  and  the  salary  high,  the  supply  on  hand  already  exceeds 
the  demand,  and  such  persons  had  better  stay  where  they  are, 
unless  they  are  willing  to  take  hold  of  anything  that  presents 
itself,  from  driving  a  bull-team  to  "polishing  the  head  of  a 
drill." 

That  large  class  who  imagine  their  fortunes  would  be  made 
if  they  could  only  get  to  the  West,  without  scarcely  an  effort  on 
their  part,  need  not  come  to  Arizona.  No  drones  in  the  hive  of 
industry  are  wanted  here.  As  everywhere  else,  energy,  perse- 


120  .      THE  RESOURCES   OF  ARIZONA. 

verance,  and  hard  work,  are  required  for  success,  and  be  who 
thinks  to  achieve  it  by  any  other  means  will  be  sadly  disap- 
pointed, and  should  remain  "  at  home  at  ease."  Of  that  grand 
army  of  fault  finders,  never  satisfied  and  forever  complaining, 
this  Territory  wants  none;  men  who  sit  supinely  waiting-  for 
fortune  to  bid  them  good-morrow,  who  make  no  eftprt  to  help 
themselves,  and  then  complain  of  their  non-success,  should  not 
come  to  Arizona. 

In  this  short  space  we  have  alluded  to  the  class  of  emigration 
which  this  Territory  is  in  need  of,  and  also  that  class  it  can  well 
ail'ord  to  do  without.  There  is  here  plenty  of  room  for  an  act- 
ive, enterprising,  energetic  class  of  people;  who  will  open  our 
mines,  cover  our  plains  and  hillsides  with  flocks  and  herds,  cul- 
tivate our  rich  valleys,  build  up  happy  homes  and  prosperous 
communities,  and  by  industry,  enterprise,  temperance,  and 
integrity  lay  broad  and  deep  the  foundations  of  the  coming  great 
State  of  the  Soutii-west. 


